Innholdsfortegnelse for August - September 2024 i Your Pregnancy & Baby

With this issue we're spoiling you (as we like to do) with an extra supplement: A-Z of Childhood Illnesses. I recommend that you read it cover to cover and keep it handy. There's even a page in the back where you can jot down important phone numbers for emergencies or other admin details you need to access quickly when it comes to all things medical. Taking in the contents of this tiny supplement can go a long way towards reassuring you about many symptoms your baby might have, but could also prompt you to seek help urgently in certain circumstances. Children fall ill so quickly… but fortunately they also bounce back very quickly. My heart ached this past month with the news story of the Gauteng toddler who got badly…

I'm Jackie. I'm a nurse. During the 10 years I worked in the neonatal sector, I was diagnosed with bipolar mood disorder and had to make some lifestyle changes to manage it. I struggled to accept these changes – but my little patients always kept me going! A neonate (a child under 28 days of age) has no one else to guide them and help them, so our role is key. They hear the muffled sound of the songs we sing and play and the stories we read to them. They hear the steady heartbeat from their precious mom. It's been a privilege to watch how – once that umbilical cord is cut and they take their first breath – they want to live and fight for their survival. They…

I told my kid one rule in Twister is that whoever falls first has to roll off the mat and lie there quietly while everyone else finishes the game. Let me just tell you, I have never hit the ground faster and that 5-minute eye rest was DELIGHTFUL. I have no regrets. My kids made a fort and told me there were no adults allowed. I had just started daydreaming about grabbing my coffee and book and sitting down in our recliner when my oldest said, “Except for you mom. You need to come in now. Just no other adults.” Maybe another day, hot coffee. Maybe another day. I look at other moms who are suffering, struggling, limping by, and think to myself, “What an incredibly brave, strong, resilient, superhuman…

To enter, send a good quality photo to us at sharing@ypbmagazine.com WIN 1 OF 8 HAPPY EVENT HAMPERS WORTH R850 EACH! Clinical trials have showed that olive oil has anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and anti-aging properties, as it is packed with antioxidants and vitamins that hydrate the skin by building its moisture barrier to prevent loss of moisture. Further benefits of olive oil (and why it has been Happy Event's key ingredient for more than 50 years) include the reduction of stretch marks and the maintenance of skin tightness. Massaging olive oil into the skin also improves blood circulation, further known to reduce stretch marks. All Happy Event products are paraben-free and contain olive oil of the highest quality – sourced from the very finest olive orchards in Spain.…

17% …of adults – roughly 1 in 6 worldwide – experience infertility, according to the World Health Organization. It's a major health challenge globally, affecting high-, middle- and lowincome countries alike. Age is a key factor in the decline of fertility for both men and women. 40+ The age after which men may be less fertile than younger men. 35+ The age at which a woman's fertility declines, decreasing quickly after the age of … 37+ According to Dr Jack Biko, president of the Southern African Society of Reproductive Medicine and Gynaecological Endoscopy, infertility “is determined after 12 months or more of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse without a pregnancy”. If you're over 35, seek an evaluation if you haven't been able to conceive after six months of trying. Source: Merck,…

Did you know? Pregnancy demands 50 000 dietary calories over the course of nine months. Source: Science.org 70% of nannies wake up between 4.30 and 5.30am to get to work. 51% parent on their own. 27% cannot afford to buy fresh fruit and vegetables. 21% live in a shack. 43% of nannies’ children attend overcrowded schools. 31% wish their children could receive better education. 23% do not have a toilet in their home. 69% take up to 2 hours to get to work. 50% spend R500 to R900 on transport per month, about 12% of their income. 77% have no money left at the end of the month. 28% have been mugged or robbed in the last year. 42% have lost someone close to them in the last year. 31%…

MINI MEATLOAVES PREP + COOK TIME 45 MINUTES MAKES 8 INGREDIENTS ■ olive oil, for brushing ■ 750g lean beef mince ■ 1 medium carrot, coarsely grated ■ 1 medium courgette, coarsely grated ■ 1 egg ■ 1 cup (70g) stale breadcrumbs ■ 2T tomato paste ■ 2 cloves garlic, crushed ■ ½ cup fried onion ■ ⅓ cup (95g) tomato sauce ■ ⅓ cup (95g) barbecue sauce ■ 2T wholegrain mustard ■ 2T brown sugar METHOD 1. Preheat the oven to 200°C/180°C fan. Brush an 8-hole (⅔-cup/160ml) loaf pan with a little oil. 2. Combine beef, carrot, zucchini, egg, breadcrumbs, tomato paste and garlic in a large bowl and season. Press two-thirds of beef mixture into pan holes. Spread evenly with onion, then top with remaining beef mixture. Bake…

1 Bank fees for returned debits are expensive. To avoid this, have two separate bank accounts, with one purely for your debit orders. When your salary is paid, transfer the amount needed, plus a little extra to cover fees into your debit orders account. 2 Add extra amounts to your debit orders account whenever you can to build up reserves – aim for six months’ worth of debit orders in this account, in case you lose your job. 3 Instead of incurring debt, try to save for an item and buy it cash. 4 Sometimes debt is acceptable, for example when buying property, as its value should go up. 5 Make sure that you have sufficient life insurance, critical-illness and disability cover in place. 6 Open a savings account, and…

Every woman's menstrual cycle is different, and it's normal for it to vary in length by a couple of days from month to month. “If your menstrual cycle is regular and between 21 and 35 days, you can assume your calendar is in check,” says Dr Dalene Barnard, an obstetrician and gynaecologist from Kloof Mediclinic in Pretoria. If you count day one as the first day of your period, women with regular menstrual cycles tend to ovulate some time between day seven and day 21 of their cycle. “So to fall pregnant, the best time for sexual intercourse is the first 14 days after menstruation has started,” Dr Barnard says. Those 14 days still represent quite a long range, so if you want to know exactly if and when you're…

Email your question for our experts to SHARING@YPBMAGAZINE.COM Please note experts unfortunately cannot respond to each question personally. The answers provided on these pages should not replace the advice of your doctor. OUR EXPERTS A DR MICHELLE BRITS ANSWERS: Pain in the lower back is extremely common and typically affects more than two-thirds of women during pregnancy. There are many contributing factors, which predominantly include hormonal and postural changes. It is important to note that every woman is unique, and any one, or a combination of these factors, should be considered when searching for the cause. During the first trimester, levels of progesterone increase expeditiously. Higher levels of this hormone help the muscles and ligaments located near the pelvis relax, and this can affect the stability and alignment of the…

OUR EXPERTS FOLIC ACID Q I am 10 weeks pregnant, and I've read that folic acid is good for the first trimester. What worries me is that my doctor hasn't prescribed it to me. If I don't take it, can something go wrong with my baby? A TINA OTTE ANSWERS: Yes, you should have been taking folic acid from the minute you found out that you were pregnant. Research suggests taking it up to three months before pregnancy and into the first three months of pregnancy. If you are eating a balanced diet, you will be getting some folic acid (which is part of the B-vitamin group), but taking supplements is recommended in the first trimester. Perhaps it has been prescribed, but you may not realise that you are in…

I FELT MILD PRESSURE Once the doctor started making the incision, I could feel the area that he was busy in, but I didn't feel any pain. My baby was quite high up, and a nurse started pushing down at the top of my belly with some force. I felt some mild pressure from my baby moving down inside of me. It wasn't painful, but I was definitely aware of where they were working and tugging at my body. Seconds later, I suddenly felt lighter in my midsection, and my husband and I heard the most beautiful sound – our baby's first cry, letting us know she was here and all was okay. SHANNON COETZEE, 28, SPRINGS NAUSEA MADE MY EXPERIENCE UNCOMFORTABLE I had to have a c-section, as I…

Newborn babies can't very easily tell their parents if they're experiencing discomfort or pain, because language only develops much later on. As a result, new parents often puzzle over the cause of their children's cries, with many a parent eventually claiming that they can, thanks to experience, accurately identify the difference between a hungry cry and a tired sobbing session. (Don't worry, this skill comes with time.) But the contents of your child's nappies could help you understand what the matter is, while also helping you feel reassured that they are on the right track to healthy development. THE FIRST TIME Don't be shocked when you change your baby's nappy for the very first time. You can expect to discover a black- to dark-green-coloured, sticky stool in that nappy. But…

OUR EXPERTS Q My friends say that I should get my daughter a walking ring, but I'm not sure. I've heard they do more harm than help. A NICOLE ANSWERS: While it is generally said that everything in moderation is okay, this is one piece of equipment where this may not be the case. You are right, walking rings often do more harm than good. They have been banned in Canada and Australia, and they are under consideration in America. Although many believe walking rings will teach a child to walk, they actually take away important time spent crawling, and change a child's normal walking pattern. Crawling is essential for babies, as it develops integration of normal reflexes, shoulder girdle stability, hand-eye coordination, fine motor control, body awareness and balance.…

Mention the words tummy time to your mom, and she probably won't know what you're talking about. Because back in the day, “tummy time” (which is awake, supervised playtime on baby's belly) didn't exist as such, and it wasn't something that she consciously had to do with you. Instead, it happened involuntarily when she put you down to sleep on your stomach or left you to lie freely on a blanket. But things have changed. As a result of the Back To Sleep campaign initiated by the American Academy of Pediatrics – which encourages babies being put down to sleep on their backs – and restrictive infant car seats, bouncy chairs and swings, babies are spending more time on their backs and less time on their tummies, where they need…

OUR EXPERTS Q Whenever it's time to give my toddler his medicine, he zips his lips, so it's difficult to get the syringe into his mouth. It's always a fight, and when I finally manage to give him the medicine, he spits most of it out. Should I give him an extra dose when he does this? A DR SINCLAIR ANSWERS: Giving oral medication in some children is really a nightmare: they don't like the taste or the texture, and having to take the medication every few hours just does not work for them. This is particularly noticeable with antibiotics because they are what are known as suspensions, as opposed to true syrup, which makes them noticeably grainier in texture. Whether or not to give an extra dose of the…

WHO HAS MANNERS? Richard Scarry's Please and Thank You Book features beloved Busytown characters Huckle Cat, Lowly Worm and more. On a busy day, they have to learn how to be polite, helpful, stay safe – and have a great time! Scarry has sold more than 150 million copies globally and has real universal appeal. Your child definitely needs some of his 250 titles on their bookshelf. R220, Jonathan Ball. HIDE YOUR BOOKS “Who's limping strangely down the hall with outstretched arms and a groaning drawl? A zombie! Could it really be? I hope he won't come after me!” Not to worry, the zombie in I Want to Eat Your Books is no ordinary one. He eats books – any genre, he's not picky! A delightful, silly, fun book with…

Follow Jade on @alphauncharted on Instagram to track their progress as they build their farmhouse. They say emigrating isn't for the faint of heart, and they remain unequivocally correct – Kevin and I were just nutty enough to do it more than once, and then some! In 2021, we spent five months in Ireland. Upon our return to South Africa, we planned to move to Europe to find work. Our sights were set on working on a superyacht. First we walked, trained, flew and drove our way through Spain, Italy and France. After a few short weeks and a whole lot of luck, we landed a couples’ role – Kevin as chief engineer and I as stewardess – on a luxury superyacht moored in Malta. But then, somewhere between the…

The inflammation of the appendix. If not detected and treated early, the appendix may burst open. This can be life threatening. SYMPTOMS ■ Loss of appetite, vomiting, fever and diarrhoea (typical, but not always). ■ Persistent pain in the abdomen (always). ■ Pain usually starts in the centre (near the belly button) and then moves to the lower right side of the abdomen. This area will be tender and sore if touched. ■ If your child has pain on the lower right side of her tummy, ask her to jump up and down. If it's excruciatingly sore for her to do this, she's likely to have appendicitis. TREATMENT ■ Appendicitis can progress quickly and be life threatening. It requires urgent medical attention. Go straight to hospital or call an ambulance.…

A contagious viral infection of the bronchioles – the tiny airways that lead to the lungs. The bronchioles become inflamed, swell and fill with mucous, making it difficult to breathe. Bronchiolitis mainly affects children up to two years old – most commonly around six months old. SYMPTOMS ■ First symptoms are usually the same as a common cold: stuffiness, runny nose, mild cough and mild fever. ■ These symptoms last a day or two and are followed by worsening of the cough and a wheezing when breathing. TREATMENT ■ Parents should seek medical attention if the child seems to be worsening. A child who is grunting, appears to be tiring, stops breathing, or has bluecolored skin (cyanosis) needs urgent medical attention. If symptoms do not worsen or persist, no medical…

Small and painful blisters that can appear around the mouth, face or nose. Also called fever blisters. It is caused by a highly contagious virus that kids can pick up from being kissed or sharing eating utensils with someone who has the virus. SYMPTOMS ■ Tingling or numbness around or inside the mouth or nose before the blister appears. ■ Gums can become red and swollen (not always). ■ Fever, muscle aches, loss of appetite, swollen neck glands and irritability (not common). TREATMENT ■ The blister usually disappears without any treatment after about one week. ■ No medication can make it go away but some treatments, such as topical creams, can be used to speed up the process and make it less painful.…

An eye infection that causes the inflammation of the tissue lining the eyelids, leading the eye to become bloodshot (pink eye). In children it is most commonly caused by bacteria, but can also be caused by a virus and sometimes even allergies. It is highly contagious and spreads through skin-to-skin contact. SYMPTOMS ■ Redness in the eye. ■ Yellowish discharge. ■ Crusty eyes. ■ Blurry vision. TREATMENT ■ If caused by a bacterial infection, a doctor may prescribe antibiotic drops. ■ If caused by a virus or allergy, no medication is required. ■ Keep your child's eye clean by washing it with cotton wool soaked in tepid water several times a day.…

Difficulty breathing accompanied by a hoarse and/ or barking cough caused by swelling below the vocal cords. Croup tends to appear in children between three months and five years old, but it can happen at any age. SYMPTOMS ■ Hoarse cough. ■ Fever (typically but not always). ■ Stridor (noisy breathing – see “S”). ■ Hoarseness of voice and difficulty breathing (typically, but not always). ■ In the most serious case of bacterial croup (acute epiglottitis), all the above symptoms as well as difficulty swallowing and drooling. ■ Within a few minutes or hours, the condition may worsen. Breathing may become very difficult. The child may become blue or even unconscious. TIP EXPOSING YOUR CHILD TO MOIST AIR, SUCH AS A STEAMY BATHROOM MAY ALSO HELP WITH THE BREATHING. TREATMENT…

A highly contagious bacterial infection that affects the membranes of the throat and nose. If left untreated, it can cause severe damage to kidneys, the nervous system and heart. It can be fatal. SYMPTOMS ■ Symptoms appear two to five days after infection. ■ Most visible symptom is a thick, grey coating on the throat and tonsils. ■ Other common symptoms include: difficulty breathing, swollen lymph nodes in the neck, chills, fever, a loud barking cough, sore throat, drooling, bluish skin. ■ Glands and/or neck may swell (not always). CONTACT YOUR DOCTOR OR CLINIC IF THERE IS BLOOD IN YOUR BABY'S STOOL, SEVERE OR CONTINUOUS STOMACH ACHE OR DIARRHOEA AND VOMITING ALL AT ONCE. TREATMENT ■ Urgent medical treatment, often hospitalisation. ■ Diphtheria vaccination (DTaP) included in the state vaccination…

A body temperature that is higher than normal usually accompanied by shivering, headache, and in severe instances, delirium. Normal body temperature is between 36°C and 37°C, but this can vary by a few points of a degree from child to child. Always know what your child's normal body temperature is when they are well. Fever is not an illness itself, but rather a symptom of a condition, usually an infection. It is a body's natural way of fighting off infection. Generally, it is not a cause for alarm unless it is too high, lasts for too long and/or is accompanied by other symptoms. If your child seems to be otherwise well (they're playing, eating and attentive) they probably aren't seriously ill. SYMPTOMS ■ Temperature is above your child's normal range.…

A contagious viral infection characterised by a red spotty rash. In children it's usually mild but can be serious in pregnant women, as it can cause foetal deformities. SYMPTOMS ■ Spotty red-pink skin rash. ■ Swollen glands around the head and neck. ■ Fever, cough, runny nose, aching and painful joints (not always). TREATMENT ■ Always visit a doctor, even though nothing more than home treatment is required. The illness usually resolves itself within seven to 10 days. ■ Treat fever as per normal. (See “F”). ■ A combination German measles/rubella vaccination (MMR – measles, mumps and rubella) is available privately. It is not included in the state vaccination schedule.…

Mild to severe pain in the head, usually the frontal area. In children it is often caused by missing a meal or dehydration – usually because of playing without drinking liquids like water. Unexplained headaches can sometimes be linked to emotional problems. SYMPTOMS ■ Pain in the head: can be sharp or throbbing. ■ Pre-verbal children may be difficult and/or bang their head persistently. ■ Headaches in children can affect their stomachs, so often comes with a tummy ache and possibly also vomiting. ■ Paleness and sometimes listlessness. TREATMENT ■ Children's headaches usually pass quickly and require no more treatment than food, fluids, a cool cloth on their forehead and rest in a quiet dark room. ■ Paracetamol or ibuprofen may be used if needed. Never give aspirin to a…

A potentially serious and life-threatening illness spread by mosquitoes. Particularly common in hot, tropical areas and parts of South Africa. It remains the leading cause of death in children under five years in Africa. Symptoms usually start 10 days to four weeks after being bitten. SYMPTOMS ■ Irritability. ■ Drowsiness. ■ Poor appetite. ■ Trouble sleeping. ■ Fever with rapid breathing, as well as chills. The fever rises very quickly and can go up to 40°C. Once the fever has cooled, there is a lot of sweating. This cycle is repeated over two or three days. ■ Headache. ■ Nausea. ■ Aches and pains (especially over the back and over the abdomen). ■ Enlarged spleen. TREATMENT ■ If you suspect your baby or child has malaria, go to the doctor…

A highly contagious viral infection that causes very painful swelling on the side of the face under the ears (the parotid glands). Rarely are there complications which can affect the brain, pancreas and, in adolescent males, the testes. SYMPTOMS ■ Begins with headaches, joint pain, high temperature, loss of appetite, nausea and/ or vomiting. ■ Parotid glands will swell. ■ Pain while chewing or opening the mouth. TREATMENT ■ Mumps isn't usually serious, but it is necessary to see a doctor because the symptoms are similar to other more serious infections, such as glandular fever. ■ No special treatment needed; can be treated at home. ■ Ibuprofen and paracetamol may be used to relieve pain. MUMPS ISN'T USUALLY SERIOUS, BUT IT IS NECESSARY TO SEE A DOCTOR BECAUSE THE SYMPTOMS…

When a baby spits up milk during or after a feed. Reflux (also called posseting) is different from vomiting because there is no forceful muscle contraction in the throat or stomach; baby only passively spits up. Reflux is common among babies and usually a result of the oesophagus being underdeveloped. In most cases it stops between 12 and 14 months. In rare cases reflux can be a sign of a more serious problem, such as gastrooesophageal reflux disease (GORD), a milk allergy or a blockage. SYMPTOMS ■ Spitting up of milk. TREATMENT ■ Medicines are rarely needed for reflux but are available in extreme cases. Speak to your baby's doctor. ■ Burp baby regularly, avoid overfeeding and feeding too quickly. ■ Hold baby upright for a time after feeding. ■…

The closing date for girls (up to 48 months) is 31 August 2024. We need two winners in this category. One winner will appear on our October & November cover, and the other on the next cover of our sister magazine, Baba & Kleuter. A huge thank you to our sponsors: Reuterina, Epi-Max, Panado and Safeway Babies. All six winners over the course of the year receive prizes worth more than R5 500 from the sponsors. Turn to pages 8 & 9 to see what you can win and to the back of this magazine for the rules and full terms and conditions. Use #CoverStarSearch on social media, so you stay up to date on competition news.…

I would love to share some good news: I'm pregnant with my second baby, and we found out that it is a boy. I am now 5 months and popping much quicker than the first pregnancy. I tricked my husband with the gender reveal though. I made the restaurant patron write “It's a girl!” on the plate but they had a blue syrup inside the cake to break the news that it was actually a boy. He really wanted a boy, so it was just to give him a little shock. We already have a 3-year-old named Isabella who is so looking forward to meeting her little brother.…

WIN A GIFT HAMPER FROM CARRIWELL WORTH R2 200! Carriwell Seamless Post-Birth Support Panty features a clever seamless design, making it invisible under clothing. The stretch properties in the fabric gently flatten your tummy and firm your buttocks. Designed for comfort, tummy control and back support, and helps reduce pain and recovery time after a c-section. R285 at Baby City, Babies R Us at Toys R Us, Dis-Chem, takealot.com and Checkers Little Me. winner…

WHAT IS IT? The pronatalist movement is on a mission to save humanity by having as many babies as possible. Elon Musk, father of 11 children, is one, and has cited falling birthrates as a bigger risk to civilisation than global warming. THEIR ARGUMENT As societies become more prosperous, people have fewer children. An average of 2.1 babies need to be born per woman for populations to remain stable. According to a paper published in medical journal The Lancet, in March 2024, 198 out of 204 countries will have fertility rates below what is necessary to sustain their population by the end of this century. In the short term, this is creating a pension timebomb, with not enough young people to support an ageing population. If current trends continue, human…

It's a sad South African fact that every day newborns are found abandoned in places like toilets, rubbish dumps and cemeteries. In light of this crisis, Impilo Child Protection and Adoption Services, a leading child protection organisation, has introduced abandoned baby rescue kits to equip first responders with essential resources to care for abandoned babies. The kit is designed to address the immediate needs of abandoned infants, ensuring they receive crucial care and comfort while facilitating the vital collection of information to aid their subsequent protection and support. Each kit includes nappies, wipes, soap, bum cream, cotton buds, a facecloth, babygro, a blanket, a pair of socks, Vaseline, a beanie, a bottle, formula, a plastic bag for an umbilical cord as well as surgical spirits. There is also a basic…

“WHEN WE STARTED TRYING FOR A BABY, WE OBVIOUSLY STOPPED HAVING PROTECTED SEX. I WAS STILL ON MY ARV REGIMEN, BUT MY HUSBAND HAD TO GO ON PRE-EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS TO PREVENT EXPOSURE FROM HIV.” “After 4 years of trying, we finally fell pregnant. I had always wanted to have a child before I turned 35 because I was aware of the pressure that comes with having a baby when you are older. I had read about the risks that come with so-called ‘geriatric pregnancy’. “My other concern is that my husband is much older than me, in his late 40s. So how would he feel about being a father so advanced in age? “While Skhu insisted he had no issues with being an old dad like Zuma, I had my…

When Boipelo Mothupi applied for a loan to buy a new car, she was shocked to be told that her credit rating meant that her interest repayments would be comparatively high. “I knew that my credit history wasn't great,” she says, referring to a difficult time she'd gone through when she hadn't been able to meet all of her financial obligations, “but I didn't even know what a credit score was, never mind that it would affect the terms of my loan.” WHAT IS A CREDIT SCORE? Your credit score is an accurate prediction of how likely you are to pay your bills. The higher the score, the more likely you are to meet your debts, and therefore the less risk you represent to creditors. More specifically, “Your credit score…

In the maelstrom of breastfeeding, broken sleep and the weighty responsibility that comes with being a parent, it's all too easy to forget why you and your husband got together in the first place. “If you have a baby that only sleeps for 20 minutes at a stretch, his nap time isn't the ideal time to try and be intimate, unless you're very quick about your business!” says one exasperated new mom. “It's difficult for me to switch from mom mode to wife mode when my husband gets that look in his eye.” IT'S NOT IMPOSSIBLE The good news is that despite the many stories your friends may have to the contrary, there really is hope for your sex life in the months after giving birth – and many say…

OUR EXPERTS Q We've been battling to fall pregnant, and we've been told the next step for us is in vitro fertilisation. Please tell us what we're in for. A DR MOODLEY ANSWERS: Currently, infertility challenges affect at least one in every six couples in South Africa – an issue that statistics attribute equally to both men and women. Infertility can be connected to a number of variables, including social, medical and lifestyle factors. By definition, a couple that has been trying to have a baby for 12 consecutive months with no success naturally, is deemed to be infertile. A good understanding of the conditions in which IVF is the most suitable intervention and how it works, can be instrumental in helping you make informed decisions about your pregnancy journey.…

Practising yoga during pregnancy not only aids with digestion and blood circulation but also makes it easier for you to breathe. As your baby grows and takes up more space inside you, there's less room for you to take deep breaths. When practising yoga, become mindful of your inhales and exhales. The more you focus on your breath, the easier it will become to take deeper breaths. You'll also enjoy a state of mental peace and physical well-being. These poses create space in your body, so when you come out of them, don't lose the space you've created by collapsing and shrinking. Stay open, and maintain expansion, extension and your state of mind. Remember to take it easy. If at any time you feel dizzy or nauseous, take a sip…

Many women imagine themselves lying on a bed and labouring in a passive way, being treated like a patient. But birth is not passive! It demands that you stand up and pay attention. Your reward is most likely to be a shorter, less painful and more satisfying experience with fewer interventions. ACTIVE LABOUR An active labour means you're involved in what's happening to your body during labour and delivery. It involves freedom of movement as you use your body in any way that makes labour more tolerable. Positioning and movement play a big part in active labour. Many studies have shown that when the mom is upright and mobile, the following is true: ■ the strength of the uterine contractions is greater ■ the contractions are more regular and frequent…

Pigeon 100 percent pure water wipes are extra thick, soft and sensitive, and fragrance-, parabenand alcohol-free. Dermatologically tried and tested for use on all skin types, including sensitive and eczema-prone skin. Prices: 80s single pack R47,99, three-in-one R153,99, six-in-one R284,99, also available in a 30s single and twin pack, DisChem, Baby City, Babies R Us and online. Did you know? One child will go through more than R30 000 worth of single use plastics in three to four years. Reusable nappies can cost as little as R11 000 in total for two children. Oh-Lief Biodegradable Bamboo Baby Wipes are made with 100 percent unbleached bamboo fibre and organic ingredients to care for you ur baby's most sensitive areas. They're formulated to reduce redness and help soothe irritation. Available in 64s…

1. START EARLY The earlier you start tummy time with your baby, the better, and the more chance there is that your baby will enjoy it. So put your newborn on your chest. In this position, the neck and back-strengthening benefits of tummy time are gained. 2. PROP HER UP For a slightly older baby, roll a towelling nappy under her chest to raise it a little, and make her more comfy. You can even use a breastfeeding cushion, a pillow or a small (55cm) gym ball. Lay your baby across one, and roll her gently from side to side and from back to front. 3. TIME IT RIGHT Plan her tummy time for after naps and when she's been fed – just not straight afterwards. A content baby is…

SAGO PUDDING INGREDIENTS ■ 2 cups rice milk ■ 1/3 cup sago ■ 1 cup coconut milk ■ ¼ cup agave syrup ■ 1t vanilla paste ■ 1 teaspoon cornstarch (Maizena) mixed with 1T water ■ cinnamon to taste METHOD In a large bowl, cover the sago with one cup of the rice milk and soak overnight. When you're ready to cook, transfer the mixture to a saucepan, add the other cup of rice milk and warm the mixture over medium heat. Wait until the pudding is boiling, then add the coconut milk, agave and vanilla. Cook for another 10 minutes, stirring continuously. Finally, add the cornstarch-water mixture and salt, cooking and stirring for 5 more minutes. Cool well, sprinkle with some cinnamon and serve with fresh cut fruit. DAIRY-,…

1. PUPPET SHOWS “These are a good way to make up imaginary characters and events,” says councillor Jodi Lord. “They are non-threatening, and most children love shows and puppets.” 2. PLAY IN THE DOLL HOUSE “Here, your child takes on the role of either mom, dad, brother or sister and explores the different roles of the family,” Jodi says. 3. MAKE UP STORIES “Start a story, get your child to add a bit to it, then add a bit more to the story and so you continue,” suggests Jodi. When you read to your child, you could also stop at a key moment and ask her to volunteer what she thinks is going to happen in the story before you read on and find out. 4. DRESS UP “Since her…

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most commonly diagnosed mental disorder among children. Children with ADHD have trouble concentrating, are hyperactive and/or unable to control their impulses. Researchers believe several factors may lead to it, ranging from genetics to a chemical imbalance in the brain, an injury to the brain, poor nutrition or smoking, drinking or substance abuse during pregnancy. SYMPTOMS ■ Excessive hyperactivity and impulsiveness. ■ Inattentiveness. ■ Note that all of these are actually normal behaviours for toddlers and young children. These behaviours are usually only symptoms of ADHD if extreme and your child displays at least two of the three consistently. TREATMENT ■ ADHD is commonly misdiagnosed and parents are encouraged to make sure their children are thoroughly assessed by experts before a diagnosis is given…

Asthma is a respiratory disorder that causes chronic inflammation and swelling of the bronchial tubes. Asthma can be life threatening if not properly managed. SYMPTOMS ■ A frequent and/or chronic cough. ■ Rapid or laboured breathing. ■ Tight chest. ■ Wheezing or whistling sound when breathing. ■ Shortness or loss of breath. ■ Tight neck and chest muscles. ■ Tiredness and/or weakness. APPENDICITIS CAN PROGRESS QUICKLY AND BE LIFE THREATENING. IT REQUIRES URGENT MEDICAL ATTENTION. GO STRAIGHT TO HOSPITAL OR CALL AN AMBULANCE. TREATMENT ■ Consult your doctor or clinic if you suspect asthma. If diagnosed, asthma can be treated at home. Fortunately, children often outgrow their asthma. ■ A bronchodilator relieves the spasm that an asthma sufferer experiences, however, an inhaled steroid (from an asthma pump) is the mainstay…

When your baby starts crawling, pulling himself up onto furniture to ‘coast’, and eventually walking, he's bound to collect a few bumps and bruises along the way. SYMPTOMS ■ Blue, green, yellow, purple discolouring of the skin. ■ A raised area on the skin that's sensitive to the touch. TREATMENT ■ If the bruise looks sore, hold a cold gel pack, wrapped in cloth, to the area to relieve swelling. You can also use a partially thawed pack of frozen peas wrapped in cloth if you don't have an ice pack. ■ Apply a treatment like Arnica Gel to ease the pain. ■ Always trust your motherly instinct – if you feel your baby needs to see a doctor just in case, take him, as he might need a mild…

Colic is evidenced in long bouts of crying that cannot be soothed, usually at around the same time daily. SYMPTOMS ■ Your baby will draw his legs up to his abdomen, arch his back, and seem to be in pain. ■ Frequent bouts of intense crying that don't stop when you try to console your baby. ■ In rare cases breastfed babies may become fussy soon after a feed, because of something you ate that's come through your milk – like chocolate, caffeine, onions, broccoli or cauliflower – which can make them gassy. TREATMENT ■ Your doctor may suggest an anti-spasmodic solution to reduce discomfort. ■ Note symptoms after feeding and talk about them with your doctor. Babies can sometimes be allergic to foods you've eaten that pass through your…

Unable to pass stools, either because of “keeping it in” (in older toddlers), poor diet or a side effect of gastroenteritis. Sometimes due to food intolerance or allergy. SYMPTOMS ■ Intestinal pain. ■ Abdominal bloating. ■ Small, round, hard stools. ■ Bleeding with stools. Inform your doctor of any bleeding. TRETMENT ■ Boost fibre and water intake in diet. ■ Let baby eat bottled prunes or drink prune juice if on solids. ■ A stool softener or laxative may be used. Chat to your paediatrician about this. ■ Encourage regular toilet times and explain why.…

When the body loses water more quickly than it is replaced: usually due to not drinking enough fluids when it is too hot and/or while playing or exercising. It can also be due to losing fluids too rapidly during an illness that causes sweating from a fever, vomiting and/ or diarrhoea. Babies and small children have a low body weight and are more sensitive to even small amounts of fluid loss. Dehydration can lead to serious health problems and can be fatal if not treated in time. It's important to remember that even if your child is not thirsty, she may still be dehydrated. A better way to tell if your baby is dehydrated or not is to look at her urine. Light coloured urine usually means she is hydrated;…

Painful inflammation of ear tubes which prevents fluid from draining properly. Common in children. It is caused by virus or bacteria entering the ear tubes due to a common cold, allergy or sinus infection. SYMPTOMS ■ Ear pain, especially when lying down. ■ Tugging at ear. ■ Headaches and fever. ■ Loss of balance and appetite. ■ Difficulty hearing and sleeping ■ Irritability and crying more than usual. TREATMENT ■ Consult your doctor or clinic who will usually prescribe antibiotics. ■ Treat fever as per normal (see “F”). ■ Any kind of blood or pus can be a sign of something more serious.…

A contagious airborne viral infection. Similar symptoms to a cold but more severe. SYMPTOMS ■ Same as common cold (see “C”). ■ Achy muscles, fatigue and chills. ■ Sore throat and swollen glands. ■ Fever. ■ Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and/or diarrhoea (not always). TREATMENT ■ Treat fever as per normal (see “F”). ■ Paracetamol or ibuprofen may be given to ease symptoms. Never give aspirin to a person under 18 unless directed to by a doctor. ■ Push fluids and watch for signs of dehydration. ■ Consult your doctor if symptoms of flu are present. Antiviral medication may be prescribed.…

Aches and pains, usually in the lower legs, that affect children aged between three and 12. Pains start at night, often after a very active day. There is no evidence to suggest that growing pains are caused by growth spurts. This is why some doctors prefer to use the term “recurrent nocturnal limb pain in children”. SYMPTOMS ■ Intense cramp-like pain in both legs. Usually calves, shins or ankles, but can also affect thighs. TREATMENT ■ Ask your doctor to recommend a painkiller. Never give aspirin to a person under 18 unless directed to by a doctor. The use of aspirin has been linked to Reye's Syndrome (a life-threatening metabolic disorder) in children and teenagers. ■ Massage and apply heat packs to affected areas. ■ Stretch the muscles in the…

A contagious bacterial skin infection similar to boils. It usually enters through broken skin (often caused by picking or scratching at insect wounds or eczema). When a child's resistance is low due to another illness, this bacteria can cause a skin infection. The skin becomes red and small blisters appear. These burst, leaving raw, moist sores that get bigger and form yellowgolden crusts. SYMPTOMS ■ Golden crusty skin outbreak with inflamed red lumps that leak pus and then scab over. TREATMENT ■ You need to see your doctor even though the skin infection rarely causes any serious illnesses and can clear up by itself within seven to 10 days. ■ Antibiotics (either oral or a topical cream) may be prescribed by the doctor to clear the infection more quickly and…

A highly contagious virus that causes cold-like symptoms along with a distinctive redbrown spotty rash. While not all that serious itself, measles can lead to serious complications that may be fatal. These include a bacterial infection of the lungs (pneumonia) and/ or the brain (encephalitis). Symptoms generally appear about seven to 14 days after infection. SYMPTOMS ■ Cold-like symptoms. ■ Red eyes and sensitivity to light. ■ Fever. ■ Greyish white spots in the mouth and throat. ■ After a few days of these symptoms, a red-brown spotty rash will appear. TREATMENT ■ No specific treatment other than home treatment. The measles should resolve itself after seven to 10 days. YOU DO NEED TO VISIT THE DOCTOR BECAUSE MEASLES IS A NOTIFIABLE DISEASE. A CHILD WITH MEASLES WILL ALSO NEED…

A red rash in babies still wearing nappies. Can be caused by prolonged contact with urine and faeces, and/or by chafing. Some babies may get nappy rash as a reaction to baby wipes or certain detergents. SYMPTOMS ■ The skin may look red and sore and feel hot to touch. ■ Spots, pimples or blisters (not always). ■ May have oral thrush at the same time (see “T”). TREATMENT ■ Change wet or soiled nappies frequently. ■ Clean the whole area thoroughly, wiping from front to back. ■ Use plain water or unscented wipes. ■ Let baby go nappy free as much as possible so the rash can air out. ■ Use a good barrier cream, such as zinc and castor oil. ■ If the rash persists, consult your doctor…

Pregnancy is a magical time in a woman's life, filled with wonder, joy and anticipation, but pregnancy isn't always glamorous. As your heart fills with joy, the first trimester nausea hits you straight in the face. As you hear the first heartbeat, your heart swells with love, but soon your feet will swell and ache. Seeing the tiny hands and button nose on the sonar quickly makes you forget strange pregnancy symptom, such as the nose bleed you had just that morning. Your baby is yet to arrive yet already warms your heart, which quickly makes you forget about your heartburn and reflux. Your colleagues compliment you on your glow while your husband complains about your snoring. You no longer recognise your body or your skin. Your clothes no longer…

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In half a decade, the incidence of autism has gone from one in every 56 people to the most current statistic of one in every 36 people, according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Dr Nerica Ramsundhar, a neurodevelopment paediatrician practising at Netcare St Augustine's Hospital in Durban, sheds light on the signs and symptoms of autism. “People with autism have neurodevelopmental differences that play out in the way they socialise and communicate. It's often accompanied by repetitive behaviours and fixated interests. It can also be seen in the way a person responds in sensory processing.” Those on the spectrum may communicate in their own way, which impacts the ability to talk, understand and non-verbal communication like facial expressions, eye contact, gestures, and body language. “We consider…

#celebrating…

Positively Me by Nozibele Mayaba (with award-winning writer Sue Nyathi) is a riveting read that has you crying one minute, and cheering her on the next. It is a truly inspirational South African story of overcoming adversity. Nozibele's upbringing was one of struggle and strife. She was raised by the tough hand of her mother in the confines of a strict Christian household. Hers becomes a life of firsts. She is the first person in her family to travel overseas. The first to graduate from university. It is also her first love that infected her with HIV. She told her story in a video that went viral and launched her onto a new path. Nozibele, who has since married and become a mother, has made it her mission to hold…

Some women will experience all of the symptoms of early pregnancy, while others may have only a few. Most symptoms – such as a missed period, morning sickness or fatigue – can also be caused by stress, illness or other events, so a suspected pregnancy needs to be confirmed with urine or blood tests. MISSED PERIOD The absence of the menstrual period is often the first sign of possible pregnancy. However, some women experience light bleeding around the time of their expected menstruation. A missed period can be caused by other factors including… ✓ Excessive exercise ✓ Low body weight ✓ Stress ✓ Hormonal imbalances ✓ Breastfeeding FREQUENT URINATION Pregnancy prompts increased levels of body fluids and greater kidney efficiency. The swelling uterus also presses against the bladder. Most women…

OUR EXPERTS “WHEN BLEEDING COMES WITH SEVERE PAIN, IT COULD BE RELATED TO PLACENTAL ABRUPTION AND REQUIRES URGENT MEDICAL ASSESSMENT.” Q I've noticed a bit of blood in my panties, and I'm freaking out. Is this normal or not? How do I know if I should go to the hospital? A DR HLABISA ANSWERS: Bleeding can occur in over a third of pregnant women due to various reasons. It is crucial to always ascertain the exact cause. It's not always easy to determine what‘s normal or not, but a healthcare worker should check any bleeding in and around pregnancy. Around 35 percent of women experience bleeding in the first trimester. As pregnancy continues, the possibility for bleeding decreases, so it's reassuring when you get past your mid-trimester, which is the…

PREGNANCY MONTH 7 Nausea. Food aversions. Water retention. Fatigue… As if you didn't have enough to deal with already, nature goes and throws in some pregnancy constipation for good measure. Yay! You're not alone, though: 39 percent of women experience constipation during the first trimester, and 35 percent suffer from it during the second trimester, according to Dr Khalid Coovadia, a gastroenterologist at Mediclinic Panorama, Cape Town. The (somewhat) good news? It'll probably ease up in the third trimester. “It may continue into the third trimester and up until the postpartum period, but the incidence declines with time to 20 percent and 17 percent respectively,” he explains. 39% OF WOMEN EXPERIENCE CONSTIPATION DURING THE FIRST TRIMESTER, 35% IN THE SECOND TRIMESTER, 20% IN THE THIRD TRIMESTER, 17% POST-PARTUM. CONSTIPATION OR…

Soon after giving birth, sex may either be a swearword in your household, or you may be aching for some intimacy once your body heals. Either way, sex will be on the cards again at some point, so unless you want back-to-back pregnancies, now might be a good time to consider your best contraception options. According to Dr Elna Rudolph – medical doctor, sexologist and clinical head of the My Sexual Health Clinic (mysexualhealth.co.za) in Johannesburg – it's best to consider post-partum birth control before baby arrives. Ideally, you want to be prepared as soon as you're ready to have sex again. “It's unlikely that you'll fall pregnant two weeks after having a baby – especially as doctors advise you not to have sex before the six-week mark – but…

Apre-term birth is one that happens before 37 weeks of pregnancy. About a quarter of these are actually planned due to a medical condition that the mother or baby may suffer from. The remaining three-quarters, however, are spontaneous and unexplained. Additionally, prematurity can be classified according to a baby's birth weight: low birth weight – 1 500g to 2 500g, very low birth weight – less than 1 500g and extremely low birth weight – less than 1 000g. However it comes about, the premature birth of a baby is a huge shock to the parents, family and friends. As private nursing sister and midwife Adrienne Utian from Johannesburg explains: “Not only do parents have to deal with a pregnancy coming to a sudden and unexpected end, but often there…

Every milestone, no matter how big or small, is a wonderful experience for your family. These moments aren't just something to record in the baby book though, they also show you what's going on in your baby's development. During his first 12 months, each new skill leads to the next as your baby barrels towards toddlerhood. Each milestone also acts as a marker to show you how he is growing up. While each smile, gurgle or step is eagerly awaited, no two children are alike and so no two children will develop in the same way or at the same time. It is important to keep in mind that your baby has his own unique strengths and talents. Don't push your baby to master a skill and then rapidly move…

OUR EXPERTS Q I think our child might have a learning disability. What should I be on the lookout for, and how can I help? A JONATHAN ANSWERS: Learning disabilities are disorders that affect the ability to understand, speak or read language, do mathematics, and coordinate movements and functions. These setbacks are more common in children than most people realise, with research citing that one in five children have a learning disability. There is still a lot we don't know about learning disorders and their exact causes. Psychology is a relatively new science, so as we learn more about the brain, we can increase our understanding of these disabilities. It is important to understand that learning disabilities are not linked to intelligence or motivation. People who have a learning disability…

We already know how good children are at understanding our non-verbal as well as verbal cues, and are often caught wrong-footed by their difficult questions, like, “Why do white people drive everywhere?” as one 5-year-old asked her mother. In fact, Louise Derman-Sparks, Carol Tanaka Higa and Bill Sparks note in an academic article that a substantial amount of research shows that children, even very young ones, do in fact notice difference and societal attitudes towards people of different colours and cultures. Children under 7 can struggle with the concept that they belong to a “group” (a race group), but you could explain that your race or cultural affiliation is like being part of a larger “family” (a concept a child understands), the authors suggest. Having a good relationship to your…

YOUR PRESCHOOLER Everyone knows a child can quickly become distracted, but even if yours is still a toddler, you can start building her ability to concentrate. Concentration in class and while studying will be very important one day for school and afterwards, says Frances Smit, a play therapist who practises in Centurion and Pretoria. “Concentration means paying attention to a specific task and ignoring external factors. With good concentration, your child can focus, learn, ignore distractions and remember better,” she says. Children aren't born with fantastic concentration abilities; it's something you need to help them learn. But if they can concentrate, they can master other important skills, such as tying shoelaces, reading, writing and cycling. Fortunately there's lots you can do to help your child focus, says Theresa van den…

The body's reaction to proteins in certain foods, insect stings, pollens, house dust mites and/or other trigger substances such as antibiotics. Babies and children are more likely to develop allergies if there is a history of eczema, asthma, hay fever or food allergies in the family. Many children outgrow their allergies to milk or eggs, but a peanut allergy is generally life-long. SYMPTOMS ■ Allergic reactions can affect the nose, eyes, airways, ears, digestive system and skin (including in the form of eczema). Symptoms depend on the type of allergy and range from mild, such as a runny or itchy nose, to severe, such as difficulty breathing. ■ Symptoms can be similar to other common childhood illnesses, making it tricky to tell if it's an allergy or not. Consult your…

A blocked tear duct, or a tear duct that has failed to open may fill with fluid and become inflamed, sometimes even infected. It can occur at any age, but is common among babies. SYMPTOMS ■ Heavy tearing. ■ A yellow or white build-up in the corner of the eye. ■ Redness and swelling around the eye or nose. This can indicate an infection. ■ Severe infection can cause fever, pain, increased redness and swelling and mucous or pus in the eye. TREATMENT ■ Most babies do not require treatment; the blockage will clear itself. ■ To prevent infection keep the eye clean and wipe away excess tears with a clean cotton ball. ■ Limit time spent in wind, cold and sunlight. ■ If infection occurs, it is necessary to…

A highly contagious viral infection that causes a rash across the entire body. In children it is usually a very mild disease. In rare cases complications such as pneumonia and encephalitis can occur. Chicken pox can be dangerous to pregnant women, with a two to three percent chance of the unborn baby developing a birth defect. SYMPTOMS ■ Begins with one or two tiny red blisters on the back or chest. ■ Spots become very itchy. ■ Spots develop into small, clear fluid-filled blisters and a red area forms behind them. ■ The rash is mostly confined to the chest, back, face and head but can spread to other parts of the body. ■ Older children may develop a high fever and look quite ill, while younger children may only…

A mild upper respiratory tract infection caused by one of the many strains of viruses. It is usually harmless, although it might not feel that way. SYMPTOMS ■ Cough, runny nose, nasal congestion, sneezing, sore throat and watery eyes. ■ Children may develop a mild fever. ■ Decreased appetite and trouble nursing or taking a bottle due to nasal congestion. TREATMENT ■ Rest and plenty of fluids. ■ Ease nasal congestion with a nasal bulb syringe and saline solution. ■ Humidifiers help to keep the air moist and can ease congestion. ■ Treat fever as per normal. ■ Administer a cough syrup to ease a cough, and a vapour gel to open airways and allow your child to sleep better. ■ Supplementing your baby with a regular multivitamin helps prevent…

Cradle cap is a greasy, yellowish, scaly rash that appears in patches on the scalps of young infants. It generally appears within the first three months of life and is common not only in babies from birth to eight months, but toddlers too. The patches can start to flake off over time. It may look painful, but it isn't, and isn't even itchy. SYMPTOMS ■ It looks like a bad case of dandruff. ■ Yellow, greasy, scaly patches on the scalp. ■ The patches aren't limited to the scalp: the neck, face, nappy area and nose can also be affected. TRETMENT ■ Wash baby's hair with a baby shampoo, and then loosen the flakes using a soft brush. ■ Rub a cradle cap cream onto your baby's scalp. If you…

An abnormal increase in the frequency and liquidity of the stools. A runny tummy can be caused by viruses, infections and allergies. Sometimes taking antibiotics can also cause diarrhoea. SYMPTOMS ■ Frequent runny stools. ■ Stomach cramps, nausea and vomiting (typical but not always). ■ Headache, loss of appetite (not always). TREATMENT ■ Treat at home unless there is blood in the stool or your child shows signs of dehydration. ■ Push fluids (including oral rehydration solutions) and watch for dehydration. ■ Contact your doctor if there is blood in your baby's stool, severe or continuous stomach ache or diarrhoea and vomiting all at once. CONTACT YOUR DOCTOR OR CLINIC IF YOUR BABY HAS HAD SIX OR MORE EPISODES OF DIARRHOEA IN THE PAST 24 HOURS, OR IF THEY HAVE…

It is most common amongst under-fives. It's caused by an allergic reaction to something in the child's environment, such as pollen, chlorine, washing detergents or other chemicals in the household. SYMPTOMS ■ Dry, itchy skin patches. ■ Skin may become infected through scratching. TREATMENT ■ If your child has never had it before, take him to a doctor to have it diagnosed. ■ Eliminate the cause of the allergic reaction, if possible. Use soap and laundry products that are suitable for sensitive skin. ■ Keep skin moisturised in order to avoid rashes and use, if possible, ointments prescribed by the doctor. Do not scratch. ■ Antihistamines and steroid creams may be prescribed.…

A contagious infection of the stomach and bowel that causes diarrhoea in babies and children. Usually caused by a group of viruses (rotaviruses) that attack the gut, but bacteria can also be the cause. SYMPTOMS ■ Vomiting and/or diarrhoea. ■ Abdominal pain. ■ Loss of appetite. ■ Mild fever (not always). TREATMENT ■ Most stomach viruses clear up within five days and require only home treatment. ■ Push fluids (including oral rehydration solutions) and watch for dehydration. ■ Treat fever. (See “F”). ■ Seek medical attention if there are signs of dehydration, if it continues longer than five days or there is blood in the stool or the baby experiences prolonged abdominal pains.…

A mild but very contagious illness caused by the entovirus coxsackie A6 and A16 virus. This illness is very common among children under the age of 10 years. SYMPTOMS ■ Tiredness and fever. ■ Appearance of blisters in or around the mouth. ■ Loss of appetite. ■ Sore throat. ■ Rash made up of tiny blisters on palms of hand and soles of feet. TREATMENT ■ No special treatment is necessary; illness will pass within seven to 10 days. ■ Ibuprofen may be used for aches and pains. Never give aspirin to a person under 18 unless directed to by a doctor. ■ Push fluids and watch for signs of dehydration.…

A common, usually harmless condition in newborns causing the yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes. It's caused by a buildup of bilirubin – a yellow substance produced when blood cells are broken down in the blood. In newborns the build-up occurs because their livers are not fully developed and therefore cannot always remove the bilirubin. Jaundice in older children is most commonly caused by infections. Certain drugs used to treat tuberculosis and epilepsy can cause it. SYMPTOMS ■ Yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes. ■ Yellowing of the palms of the hands or the soles of the feet. ■ Dark, yellow urine. ■ Pale coloured stools (newborns’ stool should be yellow or orange coloured). NORMAL NEONATAL JAUNDICE WILL GET BETTER WITHOUT TREATMENT…

Meningitis is an infection of the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord (the meninges). The infection causes the meninges to become inflamed, which in some cases damages the nerves and brain. The infection is caused by either bacteria or viruses. Bacterial meningitis is more serious as it can lead to septicaemia (blood poisoning), which is fatal. The symptoms of viral meningitis are usually not as severe (they are similar to flu). However, only a blood test can determine which form of meningitis your child has, so it's important to treat every suspected case of meningitis as a medical emergency. SYMPTOMS ■ High fever, with cold hands and feet. ■ Vomiting and refusal to feed/eat. ■ Agitation and not wanting to be held. ■ Drowsiness, floppiness and unresponsiveness. ■…

A viral disease caused by one of three types of polio viruses: 1, 2 or 3. It is contagious. The severity of polio varies from case to case. In about 95 percent of cases there will be no symptoms. The remaining 5 percent who display symptoms either have non-paralytic polio or paralytic polio. Those with non-paralytic polio usually make a full recovery. Those who have paralytic polio will suffer from muscle paralysis. Paralytic polio can be fatal. SYMPTOMS ■ Non-paralytic: mild fever, sore throat, headache and/or stiffness in neck and back. ■ Paralytic: the same as above plus muscle aches and spasms, loss of reflexes, floppy limbs, muscle paralysis, sometimes only on one side of the body, can move to respiratory system. TREATMENT ■ Get urgent medical attention. Paralytic polio…