AT THE START of the 18th century there were, in Southeast Asia, active and coherent governments in Burma, Siam (the name of the country was changed to Thailand in the 20thcentury), Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. Down the Peninsula there were a number of Islamic sultanates. Malacca had been Portuguese but then passed to the Dutch. Out on the islands there were European adventurers from the Netherlands. In India the Mughals were still dominant, but the British were coming on strong, and there were Portuguese, French, Dutch, and Danish ventures in progress.
We talk about historical progress. Here’s some progress for you: in the 18th century, Europe started to grow beyond the until then normal course of political events, which was that heirs to a kingdom fought each other over the…
