A Hiccups are caused by involuntary diaphragm spasms – the muscle sheet that divides the chest and abdomen – from overstimulation of the ‘vagus nerve’ controlling the gut. Triggers include stress, anxiety or excitement, and eating or drinking. Usually hiccups last a few minutes, stopping as mysteriously as they start. Long-standing hiccups are tiring, affecting eating and sleeping. Try curling up and leaning forward briefly holding your breath, breathing into a paper bag (not over your head), swallowing granulated sugar, or cold water with lemon juice. Avoid spicy food, fizzy drinks and alcohol, eat slowly, and don’t chew gum or smoke, which make you swallow air. Chronic hiccups may be caused by gastro-oesophageal reflux, throat inflammation, neurological disorders, multiple sclerosis and tumours. Diabetes and kidney disease are risk factors, as…
