Burgoyne’s campaign began in June. His troops pushed south from Quebec and at the head of Lake Champlain met a formidable obstacle: Fort Ticonderoga. Inside its walls, around 3,000 American troops under General Arthur St. Clair prepared for a siege. They were determined, but their position had a fatal weakness. Towering over the fort was a steep hill — Mount Defiance (then called Sugar Loaf Hill) — which the Americans had left unfortified, believing it was impossible to drag heavy cannon up such a slope.
They were wrong. Burgoyne’s engineers hauled up artillery, and by 5 July, had rendered Ticonderoga’s defences useless. St. Clair, recognizing the hopelessness of his position, abandoned the fort, retreating south by boat and overland trails. Burgoyne’s plan seemed to be working perfectly.
As the Americans…