Back in the 1890s, rifle shooters were dazzled by smokeless propellant velocities combined with also-new jacketed bullets. 1890’s velocities weren’t impressive, usually in the low 2,000s, but it was faster than was practical with black-powder and lead projectiles. Shooters and the military quickly recognized the potential of flatter trajectories and increased energy yields.
As powders improved, as did barrel steels, velocities crept upwards. Our .30-06 came out of the starting gate with a velocity of 2,700 fps. It was fast in 1906, enabled by a light-for-caliber, 150-grain sharp-pointed bullet. The previous .30-03 used a 220-grain roundnose at 2,300 fps.
Lighter bullets can be pushed faster without increasing pressure, and spitzers shoot flatter. Almost all military powers switched to lighter, faster spitzers, but hunters were more skeptical because expanding bullet technology…