Innholdsfortegnelse for Special Edition 2 i MiniMag - Easy Science Special Edition

The unit of measurement that is used to compare different quakes is called the Richter Scale. It is logarithmic, which means it works in factors of 10. So, a quake which measures 4.0 on the Richter Scale is 10 times stronger than one of 3.0. Anything under 2.0 on the scale is called a micro-quake and we don’t feel these at all … they happen a lot more often than you would think! Step by step instructions YOU WILL NEED: • String • Marker • Tape • Medium-sized cardboard box • Paper or plastic disposable cup • Scissors (have an adult help cut the cardboard and cup if needed) • Long strip of paper or printed receipt from a store • Coins, marbles, small rocks or other small, heavy objects to…

Do you like dragons, space aliens and other imaginary creatures from faraway places? Underwater volcanic bacteria (Thiolava veneris) These little bacteria are tougher than tough! They live in and around underwater volcanoes. Thiolava bacteria have a strange appetite. They like to eat the poisonous gasses and lava that spews from superheated vents and volcanoes on the sea floor. These bacteria form a mat of white strings where they live and grow. This mat forms a lovely new habitat for other sea creatures. Scientists believe bacteria like Thiolava that live in hot and extreme conditions (called extremophiles) could give us clues about dealing with climate change. Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms. They are found in their millions in nearly every environment on Earth. Gut bacteria Did you know that your intestines…

Here are some examples: Printing and publishing: Recycled paper is commonly used for printing newspapers, books, magazines and other publications. By using recycled paper, the demand for fresh wood pulp is reduced, saving trees and conserving natural resources. Packaging industry: Recycled paper is utilised for producing cardboard boxes, paper bags and packaging materials. It provides a sustainable alternative to single-use plastics, promoting eco-friendly packaging solutions. Stationery and office supplies: Recycled paper is ideal for producing notebooks, notepads, envelopes, and other stationery items. By choosing recycled paper products, we contribute to reducing waste and supporting sustainable practices. Paper crafts and art: Recycled paper can be used for creating various crafts, such as origami, greeting cards and papier-mâché sculptures. Artists and craft enthusiasts can unleash their creativity while promoting environmental awareness. Insulation and…

Understanding metals What are metals? Metals are solid materials characterised by their luster, malleability and conductivity. They have a wide range of properties depending on their composition. Common metals include aluminium, steel, copper and iron. The process of metal recycling Collection: The first step in metal recycling is the collection of used metal products. Recycling bins, scrap yards and specialised collection centres are available for individuals and businesses to dispose of metal waste properly. Sorting: Once collected, the metal waste undergoes a sorting process. Metals are separated based on their type, such as aluminium, steel or copper. Sorting ensures efficient recycling and prevents contamination. Metal recycling is a vital process that helps conserve resources, reduces waste and minimises the environmental impact of metal production. Shredding and compaction: The sorted metals…

Here are a few ways in which astronauts are involved with satellites: Satellite deployment and repair Astronauts have been involved in deploying and repairing satellites during space-walks. They can deploy satellites from the cargo bay of the Space Shuttle or the International Space Station (ISS), and they can also repair and upgrade satellites that are in orbit. Hubble Space Telescope The Hubble Space Telescope is a prime example of a satellite that has been serviced by astronauts. Several Space Shuttle missions were dedicated to repairing and upgrading the Hubble Space Telescope to improve its performance and extend its operational lifespan. Earth observation satellites Some astronauts are trained to operate Earth observation instruments on the ISS, which are used to gather data about our planet. These instruments can include cameras, spectrometers…

Do you know what our Earth is made of? Let’s find out! The Earth consists of different layers, but what are those layers and how do we really know that they exist; seeing as though scientists have never actually been there and haven’t studied actual samples from about seven kilometres below the Earth’s surface? CRUST 8 to 40 km MANTLE 2 800 km OUTER CORE 2 250 km INNER CORE 1 300 km Let’s look at the different layers: The first layer is what we call the crust: The crust is the upper layer of the Earth and stretches inwards for about 16 km. This layer consists of rock and loose stones – these are the continents. The crust under the continents is almost three times as thick as it…

Since it is not always possible for animals to communicate with sight or sound, it is important that they can communicate by smell. You get different types of pheromones which are produced for different reasons, for example alarm pheromones, food trail pheromones and sex pheromones. How it works Although technically pheromones aren’t really smelt, mammals have what is called a vomeronasal organ, which detects pheromones released by others of the same species. That is then transmitted to the brain, which then interprets what it should do with it. The release of pheromones is not always a conscious decision (which means that the animal or insect doesn’t do it on purpose). Pheromones are nature’s way of making sure that animals don’t go extinct because they are not reproducing, that animals can…

In our quest to protect the environment and find sustainable energy sources, scientists have turned to nature for inspiration. One such innovative solution is biofuel. Biofuel is a renewable energy source made from living organisms or their byproducts. It’s a fascinating way to harness the power of nature to meet our energy needs. What is biofuel? Biofuel is a type of fuel produced from organic matter called biomass. Biomass can come from plants, animals or their byproducts. It is a renewable energy source because we can grow more plants and raise animals to create more biomass. Types of biofuel ETHANOL is one of the most common types of biofuel. It is made by fermenting sugars found in crops like corn, sugarcane or even certain types of grasses. Ethanol is a…

Understanding glass Glass is made from natural materials such as sand (silica), soda ash and limestone. These ingredients are melted together at high temperatures to form a liquid, which is then shaped into various objects such as bottles, jars, windows and glassware. Glass is unique because it can be recycled indefinitely without losing its quality or purity. The process of glass recycling Collection: The first step in glass recycling is the collection of used glass. This includes bottles, jars and other glass containers. Many communities have designated recycling bins or collection centres where people can dispose of their glass waste separately. Sorting: Once collected, the glass is transported to a recycling facility where it undergoes a sorting process. The glass is separated based on colour (clear, green, brown) because different…

Eyes in the sky Satellites can take pictures of the Earth from way up in space. They help scientists study things like weather patterns, changes in land and water and even the movement of animals! GPS guiding us GPS satellites are like cosmic mapmakers. They send signals to devices on the ground, helping us know where we are and how to get to different places. Weather watchers Ever wondered how meteorologists predict the weather? They use weather satellites to see clouds, storms and more. These satellites can even track hurricanes and warn us about them. Out-of-this-world TV TV satellites beam your favourite shows from space to your TV. This way, you can enjoy entertainment from all around the world! Internet from above Satellites also help you use the internet. Internet…

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Good day, buen día, guten Tag, bon jour! Just like humans use different languages, computer scientists use a special kind of language called code to give instructions to computers, smart phones and robots. Java, C++ and Python are just three of many programming languages used to write code. Programmes, known as software, are made up of many lines of code with step by step instructions that allow computers to do things like check your spelling, doing complicated mathematics and much, much more. What is intelligence? Imagine a robot that wakes you up with breakfast in bed every day. Clever, hey? Actually no, the robot is not intelligent. Robots are programmed to do a limited set of actions. They can’t make decisions when they run into a problem or unexpected situation.…

Experiment! Taste and smell are closely related senses that work together to allow us to perceive the flavours of the food we eat. You will need: • A potato • An apple • A washing peg • A blindfold • A friend to test on! APPLE OR POTATO? STEP 1: Have an adult help you to cut the potato and apple into pieces the same size. STEP 2: Have your friend put on the blindfold and the washing peg on their nose. They must not be able to see or smell anything. STEP 3: Give your friend pieces of apple and potato and ask them if they can tell the difference. Don’t tell them which is which though, it totally spoils the fun! STEP 4: Once you take off the…

Benefits of biofuel? REDUCES GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS Biofuels produce significantly fewer greenhouse gas emissions compared to fossil fuels. The plants used to make biofuel absorb CO2 during their growth, offsetting the emissions produced when the fuel is burned. RENEWABLE AND SUSTAINABLE Since biomass can be grown and replenished, biofuel is considered a renewable energy source. This helps reduce our dependence on non-renewable fossil fuels, which will eventually run out. Green chemistry aims to create products and chemical processes with the least environmental and human impact. The ongoing research and advancements in biofuel technology will undoubtedly play a crucial role in shaping a cleaner and more sustainable world for generations to come. So, let’s embrace the power of biofuel and become eco-warriors of the future! Energy security Biofuel production can be…

The composition of paper Paper is made from wood pulp, which is obtained by breaking down trees into fibres. The fibres are then mixed with water and other additives, such as chemicals, to create a pulp. This pulp is spread onto a screen and pressed to remove excess water, resulting in a thin sheet of paper. The main component of paper is cellulose, which gives it strength and flexibility. The process of paper recycling Collection: The first step in paper recycling is collecting used paper. This can be done through recycling bins at schools, offices and recycling centres. It's important to separate different types of paper, such as newspaper, cardboard and office paper, to ensure efficient recycling. Eco-warriors recycle for a brighter future! Remember, reduce, reuse and recycle paper to create…

Understanding plastics Plastics are synthetic materials made from long chains of molecules called polymers. These polymers are created by combining smaller units called monomers. The most common type of plastics is called polyethylene, which is used in products like bags and bottles. Other types of plastics include polypropylene, polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The process of plastics recycling Collection: The first step in plastics recycling is the collection of used plastics. Recycling centres, waste management companies, and even some households have designated bins for plastic waste. It’s important to separate different types of plastics to ensure effective recycling. Sorting: Once collected, the plastic waste goes through a sorting process. This involves separating the different types of plastics based on their chemical composition and physical properties. Special machines and trained workers…