Gary Hirshberg knew the exact amount of money he needed to save his company: $592,500. It was 1988, and his fledgling yogurt brand, Stonyfield Farm, was near collapse—rocked by the closing of its third-party manufacturer, hemorrhaging money as it struggled to fulfill orders, and unable to find new investors. But with that exact amount of cash, Hirshberg and his cofounder, Samuel Kaymen, calculated, they could open their own facility and regain their footing.
So Hirshberg drove down to his local SBA office with an informal proposal. “We’ve got a bank willing to provide the loan,” he told an officer, and he said his shareholders agreed to put up $100,000. All he needed from the SBA was its 85 percent loan guarantee, which would make the bank comfortable executing the financing.…