Innholdsfortegnelse for December 2016 i BBC Wildlife Magazine

At the end of October some of the BBC Wildlife team spent time with readers on a holiday to the Scottish Highlands (hello to those of you who were with us!) close to the home of the herd of reindeers Amy-Jane Beer writes about on p20. I caught sight of four of them in one of the forest car parks at Loch Morlich, being harnessed to a sledge, presumably doing a dry run for their fund-raising Christmas activities. When you’re close up to them you can see what amazing creatures they are, with their velvet-covered antlers, wide-splayed hooves and intelligent eyes. But its the facts that Amy-Jane reveals about them that are truly eye-opening. Those animals that currently range the foothills of Cairngorm Mountain look so very at home it’s…

WHERE New Tank Hill Road, Purfleet, RM19 1SZ AREA RANGER Nicole Khan WHY YOU SHOULD VISIT In winter, Rainham Marshes is alive with thousands of wintering birds. Nothing compares to witnessing spectacular swirls of lapwings, wigeon, and other waders and ducks as they are spooked by hunting peregrine falcons and marsh harriers. WHAT YOU CAN SEE Harbour porpoises leap along the Thames’ tidal flow, and common and grey seals regularly enjoy the river on the exposed mudflats during low tide. TOP WILDLIFE SPOT My personal favourite is seeing the activity of feeding birds on the Purfleet scrape, which can be viewed from its own dedicated wildlife watching hide, or from the comfort of the visitor centre. JOIN ITS EVENT Our Christmas fair takes place on Sunday 11 December from 4pm.…

Emotions run high over trophy hunting, as the outrage that followed last year’s shooting of Cecil the lion in Zimbabwe proved. But new research offers an uncomfortable truth for wildlife lovers: hunting lions really does help conserve them – if it’s done properly. Conservation biologists from the universities of Kent, Queensland and Cambridge, including Bob Smith, have studied the effects of trophy hunting on lion populations in Tanzania’s Selous Game Reserve. The Tanzanian government divides much of the Selous into blocks, for which hunting rights are sold to commercial interests. Smith found that lion populations tend to be stable in blocks in which the rights have been owned by the same company for at least 10 years. In blocks for which rights change hands more frequently, however, sustainability is seen…

• The Cairngorm Reindeer visitor centre at Glenmore near Aviemore is open most of the year, closing from late January to the February half-term. Guided tours to visit the herd on the hill take place daily starting at 11am, with additional tours in summer. • Dress for the conditions, which can change rapidly in Cairngorm –Arctic blasts of freezing cold air are possible at almost any time of year. Forgot your boots? Hire wellies from the visitor centre for 50p. • In the run-up to Christmas, reindeer from the Cairngorm herd go on a tour that takes them all over Britain. For more information visit www.cairngormreindeer.co.uk or call 01479 861228.…

Sperm whale numbers in the Eastern Caribbean are decreasing at such a rate that the entire population could have disappeared by 2030, researchers say. A study carried out from 2005 to 2015 has found a decline in the sizes of the whales’ groups started in 2010 and is averaging 4.5 per cent a year. An earlier study found what lead researcher Shane Gero called “astoundingly high calf mortality”, with nearly 30 per cent of young sperm whales not making it to their first birthday. Gero said entanglements in fishing gear and collisions with ships may be responsible for the decline, but others such as pollution, noise and tourism could also be playing a role.…

When I joined the garden group four years ago, we were tasked with making the wildlife garden at Cricklepit Mill – the Trust’s headquarters – more presentable, but weren’t given much more of a steer than that, so we came up with our own plan. The first thing we did was put in a bee and butterfly border for pollinators. We’d noticed the lack of insect variety in the garden because there was nothing to draw them in. By putting in a variety of wildflowers – such as rosemary, lavender, catmint and asters – there is now something in flower for most of the year. We’ve also cut up bamboo canes for mason bees and we had our first emergence this year. One of our volunteers is an amateur botanist,…

AFRICAN ELEPHANTS Odds on a resumption of the legal ivory trade have receded. The issue of how to reverse the massive escalation in the poaching of elephants for their tusks dominated the conference. Two countries – Namibia and Zimbabwe – requested the right to legally trade in ivory stockpiles but this was defeated, while Botswana said it will voluntarily treat its elephants as having a greater level of protection than they actually do. According to Will Travers of the Born Free Foundation, this was important. “Botswana has one third of Africa’s elephants, and this was delivered at ministerial level with all the clout that this gives,” he said. The Zoological Society of London (ZSL) said a resolution calling on countries to shut down their domestic ivory markets was also highly…

Come learn the truth about wolves! Lobo Park offers a fascinating insight into the lives of these captivating predators at our Wolf Science Centre located in the heart of Andalucía, just an hour’s drive north of Malaga, Spain. Home to European, Alaskan Tundra and native Iberian wolves and set in an unspoiled natural environment. We are not a zoo but a scientific wildlife park devoted to the study of wolves, with abundant space to allow them to thrive freely and fully in their natural habitat with very little human intervention. Our aim is to give you a detailed insight into the everyday activities, social nature and characteristics of wolf packs. Visitors have ample room for observations, photography and questions to get true understanding of wolf behaviour. We offer: • Daily…

Another must-have sequence we desperately wanted for our Islands episode was groups of chinstrap penguins battling turbulent whitewater to land on an exposed beach. Chinstrap penguins like to nest on remote, oceanic islands, such as Antarctic volcanoes – not the easiest of locations for a camera crew to work. To document the largest colony of all, home to a remarkable 1.5 million breeding adults, required a trip to Zavodovski, one of the South Sandwich Islands. This remote rocky outpost is seven days’ sail from the Falklands. Our team of five had to be self-sufficient for our two weeks on Zavodovski, which meant taking food, fuel, water and everything else we could possibly need. But on Day 3, disaster struck. A gigantic wave caught the edge of the cliff and –…

• Dung-rolling beetles use their broad, stout, toothed front legs, and bulldozer-bladed head, to craft a ball 20–80mm in diameter, depending on their body size. They may take a random initial direction from the dung pat, but they then maintain a dead-straight trajectory, even across uneven terrain, up to 20m away. • Barriers may mean a detour, but then the original outward heading is resumed. The beetles use sunlight to plot their course. A card helmet glued over the head, obscuring the sky, leaves the beetle walking around in aimless spirals. An experiment with a sunshade and a mirror tricks the beetle, causing it to recalculate and change direction; remove these and it reverts to its original tack. • Even under overcast skies, roller beetles ‘know’ where the sun is…

 How did you first become interested in birds? “IF PEOPLE ARE LAUGHING, YOU CAN SLIP IN SOME LEARNING.” It came from my parents. As a child, we’d go on outings to bird sanctuaries or wetland centres. I had a checklist of birds and I’d tick them off. What made you decide to write a guide? The idea of a bird diary-come-sketchbook seemed intriguing and fun. Stories immediately came to mind. The book is light-hearted but useful – it fills a niche between a reference book and books that have an emotional connection with wildlife, such as H is for Hawk. I chose birds that are commonplace – species that anyone can see from their window, as I want it also to be a book for people who have never considered…

Wow! Five different Leopards on one drive! is something we often hear at Kaingo Camp. ‘Kaingo’ translates as Leopard, and Shenton Safaris’ camp is aptly named for the many sightings of these beautiful animals. ‘Mwamba’ translates as Heaven and, sitting in the Bushcamp’s private hide, you can imagine you have indeed ascended, as the sheer numbers of birds and animals on display assault your sense of reality. Set in the prime game viewing area of the South Luangwa National Park in Zambia, these camps are as unique as they are familiar. Feel at home and at ease whether you are sitting in the open ‘chitenge’ at Mwamba watching Elephants feeding metres away, or relaxing in the comfort of Kaingo’s lower deck, watching sunbathing Hippos and Crocodiles, while Pied Kingfishers hit…

OUR EXPERTS SARAH MCPHERSON edits the monthly Q&A pages. Send her your questions. RICHARD JONES is a writer and entomologist with a fondness for dung beetles. HELEN SMITH is an ecologist and former president of the British Arachnological Society. GRAHAM APPLETON is an expert on waders who formerly worked for the BTO. GEOFF SAMPLE is a musician, sound recordist and author of Collins Bird Songs and Calls. Q MAMMALS Which mammals most kill their own kind? A As part of a study into the evolutionary development of lethal violence in humans, scientists at the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universities of Granada and Rey Juan Carlos in Spain examined the rate of conspecific killings across 1,024 mammal species. Territorial and social mammals, such as meerkats, lions, wolves, many primates…

1 IBISBILL Upper Langtang Valley With its distinctive long, downward-curving bill, the ibisbill is regarded by birders as one of Nepal’s most sought-after species. It can be found on high-altitude shingle riverbanks. 2 HIMALAYAN MONAL Namche Bazaar The male’s stunning iridescent plumage makes it easy to see why the monal is Nepal’s national bird. It inhabits forested areas and higher grassy slopes where it feeds on roots, tubers, berries and insects. 3 WILD WATER BUFFALO Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve You will see plenty of domesticated water buffalo in Nepal, but this is the only area where you can see their wild cousins. Note their much bigger horns. 4 GREATER ONE-HORNED RHINO Chitwan NP The one-horned rhino’s extraordinary folds of skin and lumpy surface give this rare behemoth an armour-plated appearance.…

AMY-JANE BEER “Reindeer in the Christmas edition?” asks Amy-Jane Beer. “That could be really cheesy if they weren’t such fascinating animals. I’m especially eager to see what part they might play in a rewilded Britain.” See p20 FRED PEARCE Journalist Fred visited Chernobyl, Ukraine, 30 years after the nuclear disaster. He found a thriving radioactive wilderness. He says, “Without people, the exclusion zone has become a window on Europe’s wild past.” See p28 ELIZABETH WHITE Elizabeth was the producer of the Islands episode of BBC’s Planet Earth II. “Islands are evocative and poignant places – it was a pleasure to make a film about them,” she says. See p70…

WRENS IN WINTER Every winter day, in late afternoon, the bird-feeders empty and the light fades quickly. Apart from a few species that make showy displays around roosting time, such as starlings, most birds just drift away into the darkness. The odd robin sings after dark, but on the whole few of us know – or have ever seen – what happens to small-bodied birds on long winter nights. Blue and great tits creep into cavities in trees or walls, or into nestboxes, alone, where they sit out the darkness. Robins head for dense vegetation just above the ground, often among ivy (a godsend for little birds). Flocks of finches and sparrows use thick bushes and low conifers. They all need shelter and security from predators. Birds’ experiences of winter…

WHAT The Cuckoo: Cheating by Nature WHEN Friday 2 December, 7 to 8pm WHERE Great North Museum, Hancock, Newcastle With over 30 years of research behind him into the battle between cuckoos and their hosts, Professor Nick Davies of the University of Cambridge provides a fascinating insight into this remarkable and somewhat bizarre behaviour. “The sight of a little warbler or pipit feeding an enormous cuckoo chick is astonishing,” he says. “Why are the hosts apparently so stupid?” Nick will be answering this question in his illustrated talk, discussing the evolutionary arms race between host defences and cuckoo trickery. The talk is free to members of the Natural History Society of Northumbria, and there is a £3 suggested donation for others. Nick is the author of Cuckoo: Cheating by Nature…

New research suggests that bumblebees may experience emotion-like states similar to human feelings. “If I have a bit of dark chocolate, everything’s great for a while,” said Clint Perry of Queen Mary University of London. And a sugary treat has a similar effect on bumblebees. Perry trained bees to forage from mock flowers. Blue ones contained a weak sugar solution, green ones only water. Half of the bees were then given a taste of highly concentrated sugar solution before all were tested for their reactions to an ambiguous blue-green flower. Those bees that had received the treat flew faster towards the blue-green flower. “You could say they’d become more optimistic,” said Perry. Intriguingly, blocking the action of dopamine, a brain chemical that is central to emotional functioning in humans, dampened…

WALLACE’S LINE Among Alfred Russel Wallace’s many scientific contributions was a line on a map. Snaking through the Malay Archipelago, it delineates the border between flora and fauna of Asian and Australasian origin. We now know that his line corresponds to the edges of two continental plates, which are being slowly squashed together by tectonic forces. Today, Bali and Lombok are only about 35km apart, but in terms of evolution there’s an ocean between them.…

HAWAIIAN CROWS USE TOOLS, TOO Nature reports that Hawaiian crows extract hidden prey with twiggy tools, like New Caledonian crows. The two distantly related species likely evolved the technique independently – perhaps to exploit the niche filled elsewhere by woodpeckers. COLD CALLING Close relatives of the housefly are key pollinators of Arctic flowers. According to research in Proceedings of the Royal Society B, muscid flies – and one species in particular – perform the bulk of pollination services for common flowers in northern Greenland. Unfortunately, Arctic muscids are declining. LOST WORLD LOST? Tourism is taking its toll on Roraima, the flat-topped mountain on the Venezuela-Guyana-Brazil border. Long lauded as a rare example of a pristine ecosystem, it is now threatened by introduced invasive species and water polluted with human faeces,…

ANTLERS are among the largest of any deer species and present seasonally in males, females and juveniles. They’re used to competing for access to scarce food resources. EYES These are very sensitive to ultraviolet light to enhance vision during the long, dark Arctic winter. TENDONS in the foot joint click as a reindeer walks. These sounds help herds stay together in low visibility and may even play a role in reinforcing social hierarchies. FEET appear large for deer, with two toes and two large dew claws. These spread to distribute body weight and provide extra grip, especially on snow. NOSE Not red, but furry – and with an internal heat-exchange system. This warms each breath on its way to the lungs and cools exhalations so that water vapour condenses before…

“CHERNOBYL EXCLUSION ZONE IS A WINDOW INTO THE PAST OF EUROPE, WHEN BEARS AND WOLVES WERE THE BOSSES.” An old fire station in Podil, an up-and-coming district of Ukraine’s capital, Kiev, houses one of the scariest museums I have ever visited. The Chernobyl Museum recounts the 1986 disaster that unfolded after a reactor at the nuclear power plant in northern Ukraine overheated, causing a massive explosion that blew off its protective shield and exposed the burning uranium core to the skies for 10 days, releasing vast amounts of radioactive material into the air. The displays describe in brutal detail how the world’s worst nuclear accident unfolded. More than 300,000 people were evacuated from a hastily established exclusion zone covering a 30km radius around the plant, in Ukraine and neighbouring Belarus.…

• From May to August you can visit the eagle-watching hut at Mountshannon on Lough Derg, Co Clare, during the nesting season. Find out more at www.mountshannoneagles.ie or www.facebook.com/ Mountshannoneagles • In Kerry, hike Killarney National Park’s trails and keep your eyes skyward, or take a boat tour on the lakes: www.killarney.ie/listing/boat-tours. If you stay at the Lake Hotel (www.lakehotelkillarney.ie) beside Lough Leane, owners Niall and Joe Huggard will offer eagle-spotting tips. • At nearby Glengarriff, take a boat tour around the harbour with Kevin Jer O’Sullivan (+353 87 7007760) or other local operators (www.glengarriff.ie/ferryboat-services), who know the best spots to see the local eagles.…

WELSH CRANES A pair of common cranes fledged a chick in the Gwent Levels this year – the first to be born in Wales in 400 years. The adult birds originate from the Great Crane Project’s reintroduction site in the Somerset Levels, where more than 90 individuals were released over four years. SHOWS LIKE ‘THE WATCHES’ MUST REFLECT DIVERSITY.” Martin Hughes-Games tells Radio Times why the BBC is to reduce his involvement with Spring- and Autumnwatch, though the BBC denied that any planned changes were connected with diversity. SANDPIPER CENSUS New research in Oryx has put the number of spoon-billed sandpipers between 210 and 228 breeding pairs. The Critically Endangered wader breeds in the Russian Arctic and overwinters in South-east Asia, and is the subject of intensive conservation efforts by…

“IN CERTAIN PARTS OF THE DUGONG’S RANGE SEAGRASS BEDS HAVEN’T EVEN BEEN MAPPED.” Dugongs are the world’s only strictly marine, herbivorous mammals and are part of the group known as Sirenians, or sea cows, that also includes manatees. They’re found in shallow, coastal waters from East Africa to islands off Australia’s northeast coast, such as New Caledonia and Vanuatu. Australia with a population of more than 100,000 dugongs is believed to be home to the majority of the world’s dugongs with Torres Strait between Papua New Guinea and the tip of Cape York the ‘dugong capital of the world’. They may do well in Australia because of its wide and shallow continental shelf, which is good for promoting the growth of seagrass on which dugongs feed, but also because of…

CHEETAHS According to the Cheetah Conservation Fund (CCF), 300 cheetah cubs are taken from the wild in East Africa every year and smuggled into countries in the Arabian Peninsula, with more than 80 per cent dying en route. Cheetah range states and destination countries have agreed to improve cooperation in tackling the trade, and to a more unified approach dealing with social media which promotes it. HELMETED HORNBILLS The casques – solids lumps of keratin sitting on their bills – of helmeted hornbills are the reason they are poached. Called ‘red ivory’, these casques are carved into artefacts, and though international commerce in the species has been banned since 1975, delegates agreed to step up efforts to curb the trade for a species classified as Critically Endangered. BARBARY MACAQUES These…

Adopting one of the primates at Monkey World is a great Christmas gift, either for yourself or a loved one. Monkey World, the internationally-acclaimed ape rescue centre, is home to over 250 rescued and endangered monkeys and apes of 20 different species. Set in 65 acres of Dorset countryside, the sanctuary works in conjunction with foreign governments worldwide to stop the illegal smuggling of apes and monkeys, as well as rescuing primates from abuse and neglect from the UK and abroad. At the park, they are rehabilitated to live in natural family groups of their own kind, with specialist care. The funds from adopting one of our apes or monkeys enables us to create additional reserves and a safe haven for the many primates whose lives are still in danger…

RAINFOREST PRO BINOCULARS, £140-£160 Meade Instruments Know someone who’s wild about wildlife? Then look no further than Meade Rainforest Pro Binoculars. Integrating fully multi-coated BAK-4 prisms and ultra-precise phase coated optics into a rugged all-weather frame, Meade Rainforest Pro Series Binoculars defy the elements to bring you the ultimate viewing experience. Waterproof, nitrogen-purged and rubber-armoured for supreme durability, with Rainforest Pro you need know no bounds. 0333 123 4262, www.meade.com BARN OWL NEST BOX The Owl Box Sanctuary We make owl boxes for Barn, Tawny and Little owls, plus bats, garden birds and others. All owl boxes are made of 9mm exterior plywood, painted with water based wood preserver and have felted roofs. These boxes have been specially designed for each individual bird or animal. All profits go…

Scottish Wildcat Action What does the organisation do? We work to restore viable populations of the Scottish wildcat. Our aims are to reduce the risks of hybridisation, disease and accidental persecution; to breed healthy wildcats for later release; and to gather and share data. How are volunteers involved? Most help on the ground, doing anything from checking trail cameras to taking feral individuals to be neutered. Others raise awareness through research, events and photography. New scientific ground is being broken all the time so it’s an exciting project to be part of. What’s a recent achievement? We recently completed the biggest-ever wildcat survey. 139 volunteers monitored 347 trail cameras, replenishing bait and checking more than 200,000 images. We found 19 wildcats, 44 hybrids and 40 domestic cats. The next step…

EMAIL US wildlifeletters@immediate.co.uk FIND US ON FACEBOOK www.facebook.com/wildlifemagazine FOLLOW US ON TWITTER www.twitter.com/WildlifeMag WRITE TO US BBC Wildlife , Tower House, Fairfax Street, Bristol BS1 3BN Flurry of activity Despite the disappointing numbers and sightings of moths and butterflies mentioned in September and October’s letters, this summer seems to have ended in a flurry of activity in our garden. My wife grows penstemon and verbena, and they’ve both attracted a great many insects. In a sample few days I’ve seen hummingbird hawkmoths, silver Ys, small coppers, small tortoiseshells and the ever-present red admirals. So maybe things will be better next year. David Anderson, Somerset How can I help? I always get BBC Wildlife Magazine, which I really enjoy. I love animals. When I’m older I’m going…

THE PHOTOGRAPHER ANDREW PARKINSON Andy is a regular contributor to BBC Wildlife, and a contributing photographer to National Geographic magazine. He was named Bird Photographer of the Year 2016 in a British Trust for Ornithology contest. DATA FILE CAMERA Nikon D4s LENS Nikon 200-400mm FOCAL LENGTH F4 VR lens @ 400mm, ISO 800 SPEED 1/20 sec at F11 EXPOSURE manual NOTES Gitzo tripod, Wimberley head “Flexibility and adaptability can be some of the most useful attributes for wildlife photographers. I had ventured out on this particular day to photograph mute swans in the exquisite evening light that had been forecast, but on arrival I was met with leaden skies and not a single swan. What did catch my eye, however, were some greylag geese bathing exuberantly not far from my…

“SPOTTING A ‘CRESTIE’ IN ITS HIGHLAND HOME SHOULD BE ON EVERYONE’S CHRISTMAS LIST.” The practical, camel-coat colouring of the crested tit is offset by that outrageous, two-tone topknot and brings to mind a Christmas commuter on the way home from the obligatory office party who’s still wearing a silly hat. These endearing little birds are common and widespread on the Continent, yet confined to the pine forests of the Scottish Highlands in the UK. Ancient Caledonian woodland, such as Abernethy Forest in Speyside, is the species’ stronghold, though some populations have spread – albeit at much lower densities – into surrounding conifer plantations. But the question remains: why are crested tits totally absent from many other areas of apparently agreeable habitat, including all of England and Wales? “This is the…

“THEY’RE ALL HIGHLY MOTIVATED AND HELL-BENT ON MAKING A DIFFERENCE.” Snipping through a mist net with scissors feels like a crime, but crouched in total darkness with a blackcap cupped in my hand, I know it isn’t. I cut the fabric and gently place the little bird in my pocket where five more are already secreted. Then I cut through the ties, roll the whole thing up and stuff it into Andrea Rutigliano’s bulging backpack. We don’t speak – if we’re caught by the poachers we’ll be shot at or beaten up. We’re on Cape Pyla, Cyprus, where an estimated 10,000 small birds are illegally killed every night to satisfy a business worth ›15 million. The criminals are supplying the trade in ambelopoulia – a Cypriot so-called ‘delicacy’. Warblers and…

“MIGRATORY ANIMALS ARE ESPECIALLY VULNERABLE BECAUSE THEY MOVE BACK AND FORTH ACROSS NATIONAL BORDERS.” WHAT IS THE BONN CONVENTION? The Bonn Convention is the colloquial name for the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals. Also known simply as the Convention on Migratory Species (or CMS), it’s a treaty designed to bring together all the countries through which migratory animals pass in order to coordinate essential conservation measures. WHY IS IT IMPORTANT? Migratory animals are especially vulnerable because they move back and forth across national borders. Excellent protection in one country means little if a species is unprotected after it leaves. So the convention is needed to provide ‘passports’ for migratory animals to cross borders freely. THAT SOUNDS DIFFICULT It is. Take European turtle doves, for example.…

• BOTSWANA HAS about 130,000 elephants, one third of the total population in Africa. Nevertheless, numbers have declined by 15 per cent since 2010. • PANGOLIN SCALES were reported to be selling for $645 per kg in China in 2014 – and have increased in value by 250 per cent in five years. • THERE ARE MORE than 6,000 lions held in captivity by the canned hunting industry, which generates annual revenues of nearly $11m. • THE ILLEGAL TRADE in rosewood timbers represents 35 per cent of the total illegal wildlife trade, estimated to be worth at least $20bn a year. • RESEARCH SUGGESTS that silky and thresher shark numbers have dropped by 70-90 per cent in recent decades mainly because of exploitation for the fin trade.…

ROLLERS Species that roll dung away, called ‘rollers’ or telecoprids, are broad, stout, domed and muscular. Often a male and female pair work together, their hind legs grappling the dung ball while their short front legs push the ground. The dung ball is buried, or hidden in herbage, after a 1–20m journey. In some species the females stay to guard the brood ball. TUNNELLERS These species, known as paracoprids, are broad and stout, but slightly flattened. Males are often armed with large horns on the head or thorax, for head-to-head pushing and shoving matches underground; the victor wins or keeps the female, the dung or both. Tunnels may be 15cm to 1.5m long, filled with sausages of dung, or carefully stocked cells. DWELLERS Mostly smaller, these species, called endocoprids, live…

How did you film among the elephant herd? The herd is familiar with a few people they’ve known most of their lives. One of those is Benjamin Kyalo, from the David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust, who has an amazing relationship with the elephants. They trust him completely. He took Gordon in and helped the elephants get used to him over several weeks. Were you ever worried? We had to trust Benjamin: if he could mingle safely with the eles, so could Gordon. If you’re around animals for a while, they become bored of being nervous and start to accept you. While they know humans are dangerous, they learn to distinguish those that are harmless. What was your highlight of the series? Tsavo East is home to about one third of the…