Innholdsfortegnelse for November 2016 i History Extra

“On the throne for just nine days, Lady Jane Grey famously managed the shortest reign in English history before the accession of Mary Tudor in 1553. In a Tudor age often renowned for its brutality, it might seem a foregone conclusion that Jane would lose her life as well as her crown. Yet, as Nicola Tallis reveals in this month’s cover feature, Mary was far from keen to execute her young cousin. In the end, it was the machinations of others, including members of Jane’s own family, that finally secured her downfall. Turn to page 50 for Jane’s tragic story. I’m sure it hasn’t escaped your attention that we are about to reach the 950th anniversary of the battle of Hastings and the Norman conquest that marked the beginning of…

On the shores of Lake Texcoco, Hernán Cortés was riding towards destiny. The date was 8 November 1519 and ahead of him lay the great city of Tenochtitlán, capital of the people now known as the Aztecs. The city was teeming with life and colour, its canals and causeways lined with crowds. Nine months after he had landed at the head of a small Spanish expedition, Cortés was about to face his greatest challenge. As Cortés’s little army rode across the causeway towards Tenochtitlán, he could see a group of locals coming towards him. In the centre was the emperor, Moctezuma, carried on a beautiful litter. Cortés was keen to make a good impression. “I dismounted and stepped forward to embrace him, but the two lords who were with him…

“Perkin Warbeck’s impersonation of Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York now looks haphazard and ineffective because we know that it was a disjointed failure. However, during the mid-1490s it was anything but a toothless irrelevance. The conspirators around Warbeck knew that the political leaders of the 1490s truly could not know whether Richard, Duke of York had really survived – but they were absolutely fascinated by the possibility. They used this curiosity as a tool with which to prise apart the support that kept the Tudors in power. By playing upon the fragile alliances behind Henry VII’s kingship, Warbeck’s backers hoped that the king’s suspicions and older loyalties of some courtiers would undermine Henry VII’s control from within the corridors of power. When the chief officers of the royal household declared…

“Women were expected to be silent, chaste, and more or less confined to the household” By the middle of the 17th century, many English men believed that their country was in crisis. Civil war and plague had swept the land. Other countries in Europe and the Middle East appeared to be growing stronger. And now another threat loomed: England, it seemed, was being overrun by women. As the University of Oxford academic Margaret Pelling details in a new study published in The Historical Journal, men genuinely believed that they were outnumbered by the opposite sex. Pelling explored a range of contemporary records including books, pamphlets and religious tracts and discovered that women’s numerical supremacy was widely accepted as fact – despite the absence of any statistical evidence to support it.…

In the spring of 1863 Mr NP Kell, the coroner for Hastings, was required to consider a delicate and unusual matter: the theft of a number of bars of gold in Sussex. On 12 January William Butchers was ploughing in the parish of Mount-field and unearthed a bunch of old brass, “connected by a series of links or bars, and extending about a yard in length”. William sold the ‘old brass’ for three shillings (the equivalent of about £12 today) to Silas Thomas, who sold it on to his brother-in-law, Stephen Willett – a former Californian gold digger who immediately recognised that the metal was solid gold. Thomas and Willett exchanged the gold with a banker in Cheapside for £530 (almost £45,000 today) and set themselves up as gentlemen of…

@HistoryExtra: Who do you think was the best couple in history and why? @kwilsonlee Antony and Cleopatra for the sheer chutzpah of taking on the might of Rome together – sexy, if doomed @mikedartagnan William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle and ‘mad’ Margaret Lucas. A pair of quintessential English eccentrics Jo Morgan JFK and Jackie Kennedy – they represented a whole new future @konallis Peter Abelard and Héloïse – true lovers and intellectual equals. And they started the trend of weird celebrity baby names @EmmelineDownie Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera – the weirdest love story in history! @TheWildHogg Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, Augustus and Livia, FDR and Eleanor Roosevelt, Justinian and Theodora – they were all power couples Janelle Gerke John of Gaunt and Katherine Swynford. Not only because…

On 13 November 1553, the 17-year-old Lady Jane Grey became the youngest royal woman to be condemned for treason in British history. Her trial – staged at Guildhall in the heart of the city of London – was a very public humiliation. For Jane, its outcome was a personal catastrophe. How had it come to this? A mere four months earlier, some of the most powerful men in England had conveyed Jane, the great-niece of Henry VIII, to the Tower of London, where they proclaimed her queen. But now here she was, facing her accusers, her nine-day reign well and truly over, her very life hanging by a thread. The seeds of Jane’s spectacular fall from grace were sown, earlier in 1553, by one of Edward VI’s last acts as…

Walls and windows were violently breached and the school was inundated almost instantly by a powerful surge of cloying black sludge At about 9.15am on Friday 21 October 1966, spoil tip No 7 – one of seven slag heaps that loomed like a mountain range high above the south Wales village of Aberfan – started to move. Then, almost in the blink of an eye, the entire edifice was transformed into a 30-feet-high tsunami of sludge that slid downhill at over 80mph. Seconds later, a wave consisting of half a million tonnes of liquefied coal waste crashed into Aberfan. The wave swept across a canal and over an embankment before bearing down on the village primary school. The children and staff of Pantglas Junior School were about to start their…

Hero of the Empire: The Making of Winston Churchill by Candice Millard Allen Lane, 400 pages, £20 This book covers one year in the life of Winston Churchill – 1899 – and argues that those 12 months were absolutely epicentral to the man he later became. It was the year that established his national fame, connected his fate to that of the British empire, introduced him to key figures who were to loom large later in his life and set him on the road to his phenomenally successful political career. Business commentators will recognise the phenomenon whereby suddenly a brand goes spectacularly global: 1899 was just such a year for Winston Churchill. As he himself wrote of this period, it “was to lay the foundations of my later life”. Candice…

Army Wives: The Real Lives of the Women Behind the Men in Uniform by Midge Gillies Aurum Press, 400 pages, £20 George R Sims’ 1888 poem, A Soldier’s Wife, describes how “Amid the roar of thousands he marched away to fight”, leaving behind a woman “weeping… at the sight.” The soldier “went abroad to conquer or perish in the strife”, while “she stopped at home – God help her! – a soldier’s starving wife”. Army Wives tells the story of such soldiers’ wives, married to those serving in conflicts from the Crimea to Afghanistan. They represent a significant number: today, around 68,000 women are either married to, or in civil partnership with, soldiers. As in the past, many spend much of their lives without the companionship of their loved one.…

The Black Friar By SG MacLean Quercus, 432 pages, £13.99 In the heart of the ancient Blackfriars monastery, largely abandoned since the time of Henry VIII, stonemasons make a grisly discovery. Behind a brick wall, they find the body of a man dressed in the black robe once worn by the monks. This is not an old corpse, however, but a recent one and it is clear that the man was entombed in the building alive. The year is 1655 and England is ruled by Oliver Cromwell as lord protector. Damian Seeker, captain of Cromwell’s Guard and a figure feared throughout London, is asked to identify the man and investigate his death. When the body is revealed to be that of one of the protectorate’s secret agents, working undercover to…

The latest clutch of documentaries in the BBC’s My Generation season focuses on the years between 1976 and 1985, which musically encompassed punk, post-punk, disco, the ska revival and new romanticism. The centrepiece is Boy George’s 1970s: Save Me from Suburbia (BBC Two, Saturday 8 October), in which the singer looks back at 1982 and the ‘is-it-a-boy-or-a-girl?’ furore that followed Culture Club’s first appearance on Top of the Pops, and considers how he was shaped by the 1970s. In The People’s History of Pop (BBC Four, Friday 7 October), The Selecter’s Pauline Black hears Britons’ experiences of being music fans. In Skinhead (BBC Four, Friday 14 October), filmmaker Don Letts charts the story of a youth movement that’s often lazily equated only with right-wing violence, but which had its roots…

EXHIBITION Fiji: Art & Life in the Pacific The Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts at the University of East Anglia, Norwich 15 October–12 February 2017 - 01603 593199 • scva.ac.uk The Pacific island of Fiji has been a locus of cultural interactions from as early as 1000 BC, when canoes carried people to neighbouring islands, continuing to the 19th century when Europeans arrived and Fijians chiefs asked to join the British empire. This exhibition explores the cultural history of the island since the 18th century, and features Fijian artworks as well as European responses to them, with paintings and historic photographs providing context. But the highlights are Fijian artefacts. “An important aspect of this exhibition is that the many examples of exceptional Fijian creativity on display are not presented as…

Q When and why was the convention introduced for men to take their hats o to ladies and before going into churches? Peter Hankins, by email A It’s often claimed that the custom of removing or tipping the hat originated in medieval times, when knights would raise visors or remove helmets as a gesture of peaceful intent. As with most matters of etiquette, we know of no real evidence for this, though it’s the most popular theory. If you have any proof, please write in and let us know! That custom was extended, the theory goes, as soldiers and male civilians began to raise or remove headwear as a gesture of respect to superiors or equals. The military salute may have originated as a less troublesome alternative to constant doffing…

Edward I: reluctant invader? Andy King reveals why the medieval king waged war against both Scotland and Wales Rasputin’s mysterious death Douglas Smith questions whether there was British involvement in the Russian mystic’s demise Emma Hamilton Quintin Colville explores the complex character of Nelson’s mistress Gold rush Felicity Aston describes the frenzy that followed the discovery of gold in Canada’s Yukon territory in 1896…

Nicola Tallis Lady Jane Grey is one of history’s most tragic victims, but my research examines the path that brought her story to its fatal conclusion. It’s full of intrigue, con ict and the battle for power. • Nicola reveals how Lady Jane Grey was cursed by her royal blood on page 50 Kevin Ruane The story of Winston Churchill’s transition from would-be atomic warrior in the early Cold War to nuclear peacemaker in the mid-1950s is, I think, one of the most fascinating but least well-known of his long career. • Kevin explores the ‘nuclear’ Churchill on page 22 Catherine Merridale I’ve done Lenin’s journey, but I stayed every night in a comfortable place or in a coupé. To do it sitting up with very little food and not…

“Today, youth unemployment is driving some protest movements – in particular, radical leftwing movements in southern Europe”PROFESSOR HAROLD JAMES Europe has lost its young people. As industrial societies in Europe – but also in Japan – age rapidly, the demographic pyramid is inverting and bulging at the top. Politicians need to respond to demographics. Old people win elections. Young people do not even bother to vote. So governments all over Europe come up with expensive pension systems and (especially in southern Europe) employment legislation that privileges older insiders and excludes new entrants – young people. Current rates of youth unemployment are unprecedented over the past century, though there was also considerable youth unemployment during the Great Depression. In many more-developed industrial economies at that time, such data for unemployment that…

“The story of Xuanzang tells us what civilisation really is” “When two civilisations first come into contact, it is not always peaceful and not always enriching. To really open up to another culture requires patience and humility: you need to be willing to shed your own preconceptions, to be confident enough in your own civilisation, to be prepared to be changed by the experience of the Other. This occasionally happened on a grand scale: think of the Arabic and Persian translations of the Greek legacy, or the attempt to find a ‘meeting of two oceans’ of Islam and Hinduism under the Mughals. And as John Grove’s letter reminded us in last month’s magazine, one of the greatest was when the Chinese Buddhist monk and scholar Xuanzang made his incredible journey…

Railway bosses were not supposed to order their own freight cars to be burned. But in 1859, the superintendent of the western division of the Pennsylvania Railroad – a diminutive, barrel-chested 24-year-old Scotsman called Andrew Carnegie – did exactly that. From a business point of view, Carnegie’s logic was impeccable, if unconventional: a derailed train was blocking the line, and it would be quicker and cheaper to destroy it than to haul it to the nearest depot. Keeping the network moving, Carnegie realised, was the highest priority. The metaphor is irresistible: Andrew Carnegie, on his way to becoming one of the richest men the world has ever known, ruthlessly destroying anything that stood in his way. In February of the same year, The New York Times used a sinister simile…

1536 Lady Jane Grey was probably born in the latter half of 1536, perhaps at Dorset House in London. She was the eldest daughter of Henry Grey, later Duke of Suffolk, and Lady Frances Brandon. 28 January 1547 Henry VIII dies, leaving his nine-year-old son, Edward, as his heir. Jane is now officially third in line to the throne. Spring and Summer 1553 Edward VI (left) draws up and makes several amendments to ‘My Devise for the Succession’, whereby he disinherits his half-sisters, Mary and Elizabeth, naming Jane his heir. 25 May 1553 Lady Jane Grey is married to Guildford Dudley, the fourth son of the Duke of Northumberland, in a magnificent ceremony at Durham House. 6 July 1553 Edward VI dies at Greenwich Palace, and Jane becomes queen of…

Rome’s secret was knowing how to turn enemies into friends Pax Romana: War, Peace and Conquest in the Roman World by Adrian Goldsworthy Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 528 pages, £25 Rome’s empire technically started in 241 BC when it made Sicily its first province and technically ended in the west in AD 476, when the last western Roman emperor was sent into retirement by Germanic forces. Over that time, Europe was transformed from a collection of disparate warring tribal states into a broadly unified and mostly peaceful economic powerhouse. The central theme of Goldsworthy’s book is that it is far too simple to see Rome as the ruthless conqueror and the conquered as helpless victims. The tribes of Europe knew all about slaughter – it was the way of the ancient…

Henry the Young King, 1155-1183 by Matthew Strickland Yale University Press, 416 pages, £30 This year marks the 800th anniversary of Henry III’s accession to the English throne – but it is often forgotten that another figure had been proclaimed as Henry III almost 50 years earlier. The eldest surviving son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine, this Henry – known as the Young King – stood to inherit both the realm of England and a swathe of territory covering much of modern-day France: a vast domain sometimes described as the Angevin empire. In spite of his startling pedigree and glittering prospects, Young Henry’s short life came to a grim end in 1183 when he succumbed to a bout of dysentery, aged just 28. The Young King’s achievements were…

Traitor’s Field Robert Wilton (2013) In 1648, as the Civil War draws to an end, the opposing intelligence services of the king and Cromwell prepare for a final battle in which the stakes could not be higher. And the true power in the land is Robert Wilton’s ingenious invention, the Comptrollerate-General for Scrutiny and Survey, an espionage organisation designed to survive all the temporary vicissitudes of the times. This is a clever, cunningly plotted exercise in historical spy fiction. The Royalist SJ Deas (2014) Royalist soldier William Falkland is awaiting execution. And yet, when he is led from his Newgate cell, it is not to the gallows but to a rendezvous with Oliver Cromwell. In Deas’s atmospheric thriller, the most powerful man in England has need of Falkland’s skills as…

In August 1863, the famous Victorian theologian John Henry Newman was holidaying at Ostend when he passed Leopold I, King of the Belgians, enjoying a stroll along the wide beach. Thanks to his patronage, and that of his son Leopold II, Ostend was undergoing a transformation in the 19th century into one of Europe’s most cosmopolitan watering places. Newman noted the throng of elite visitors but, as a celebrity at home, found he was able to go about incognito as there were so few English people among them. Even now, despite the development of Belgium’s seaside resorts, their wartime history, wonderful seafood and easy accessibility, British visitors remain in the minority. As a seaside historian, it was high on my list and one of the joys of the coast is…

Charlotte Brontë, born in the West Riding of Yorkshire, was the eldest of the three Brontë sisters who survived into adulthood. A novelist and poet, she is best known for Jane Eyre, which she originally published under the pen-name Currer Bell. In 1854 she married her father’s curate, Arthur Bell Nicholls, and soon became pregnant but fell ill and died, along with her unborn child, aged just 38. When did you first hear about Charlotte Brontë? I had a vague awareness of the Brontë sisters when I was a girl, and read Jane Eyre at school when I was 13. I was fascinated by the novel and began reading biographies of the three sisters – and with so many of them out there, I’ll probably be doing so forever. What…

Many Shakespearean terms ‘already existed’ Some of the phrases often believed to have been invented by William Shakespeare already existed at the time he was writing, according to an Australian academic. David McInnis from the University of Melbourne raised questions about the origins of expressions including ‘a wild goose chase’, thought to have been coined in Romeo and Juliet, but which McInnis claims was used by a poet earlier in the same decade. At-risk heritage sites will be recreated in 3 D A team of experts has launched a project to create three-dimensional virtual reconstructions of threatened or destroyed cultural landmarks. The initiative, set up by researchers from the universities of St Andrew’s, Birmingham, Bradford and Nottingham’s Ningbo campus in China, invites members of the public to submit photos of…

I read with great interest the article in your September issue entitled Killing Hitler’s Hangman. My brother and I had learned about these events from my dad during the 1950s. He was a friend of Jerry Bublik, brother of Josef Bublik, the paratrooper who played a major part in the assassination of Heydrich. I believe that Jerry had been a paratrooper as well. Josef was part of the team that was sent to assassinate Heydrich, and died alongside the others in the crypt of the church where they were hiding. They were unable to get them out and so they poured water into the opening to drown them. Jerry was very proud of his brother and never forgot him. Jerry worked in the civil service in London in the 1950s…

In the decade after 1945, the A-bomb and “its monstrous child, the hydrogen bomb” played a critical part in shaping Churchill’s Cold War outlook In 2013, a short royal family home-movie came to light. Dating from early October 1952, it shows Queen Elizabeth II, eight months into her reign, enjoying a family fishing expedition at Balmoral. Also prominent is the unmistakable figure of Winston Churchill, returned as prime minister a year earlier and now, a month shy of his 78th birthday, the Queen’s honoured guest. Churchill sits at the water’s edge, chatting amiably to a young Prince Charles. He is relaxed but he is not off-duty. His thoughts, we now know, regularly drifted from autumnal Scotland to a barren, windswept outpost of the Commonwealth called the Montebello Islands. There, 80…

THE FIRST OF THE BARONS Cornelius Vanderbilt 1794 1877 Wealth: At his death, Vanderbilt’s fortune was estimated to be around US$100m which, as a share of US GDP at the time, makes him perhaps the second-wealthiest American in history, after only John D Rockefeller. How he made his money: Shipping, then railroads. Vanderbilt began work as a ferryman in New York City harbour, soon working his way into a partnership with the operator of a state-of-the-art steamboat. By the 1850s he ran a transatlantic passenger line and was competing hard, using every trick in the book to dominate the lucrative transport route to California. (At that time by far the cheapest and quickest way to the goldfields was to take a ship from New York to Panama or Nicaragua, make…

“I got a good view of the Hun which I had never seen before. It had a fuselage like the belly of a sh” James McCudden Born in 1895, James joined the Royal Flying Corps as an air mechanic in 1913. By December 1915, he had become a regular observer/gunner for several pilots and he qualified as a sergeant pilot in April 1916. Sergeant James McCudden had gained much experience in flying a DH2 scout with 29 Squadron, Royal Flying Corps. On 9 November, he was patrolling over the Somme and Arras battlefields accompanied by Lieutenants Oswald Ball and Jack Noakes. Suddenly McCudden sighted six specks to the east of the German lines. “The Hun machines overtook us and directly they got within range we turned to fight. One Hun…

It’s full of carefully chosen anecdotes and is genuinely hard to put down A Fiery & Furious People: A History of Violence in England by James Sharpe Random House Books, 768 pages, £30 This book’s racy and bombastic title is rather misleading – this is a deeply thoughtful and thought-provoking examination of violence in England from the Middle Ages through to the present day. James Sharpe’s analysis ranges from medieval homicides to duels, to staggeringly brutal football matches, domestic abuse and riots. It is full of carefully chosen anecdotes and examples that illuminate the analysis and grab the reader’s attention so that the thick volume is genuinely hard to put down. Some of the material is amusing, some is chilling, some is tragic. And the book is notable for its…

‘Lightning war’, an idea cultivated by the Nazis to frighten enemies, was only half the story Blitzkrieg: Myth, Reality and Hitler’s Lightning War, France 1940 by Lloyd Clark Atlantic Books, 480 pages, £25 It is a riddle that has fascinated historians: how did Germany sweep the European board so easily in 1940? Advancing rapidly through the Low Countries, its forces then defeated one of the world’s greatest armies, achieving in under two months what it had failed to accomplish in the four years prior to November 1918. In June 1940, Hitler flew to Paris for a tour of the conquered city, deciding that he would not raze it, but instead strive to make Berlin even more magnificent. It has been argued that victory was achieved through a revolutionary form of…

Writings from Ancient Egypt by Toby Wilkinson Penguin Classics, 384 pages, £10.99 Writing developed in Egypt around 3100 BC. As we might expect from a civilisation whose culture is disproportionately preserved in its cemeteries, the earliest surviving texts are bureaucratic lists dealing with funerary rituals. Soon this dull repertoire expanded to include tomb autobiographies and prayers for the dead. Next came didactic (or teaching) texts, with the first fiction emerging during the Middle Kingdom. The New Kingdom, a period in which no more than 10 per cent of the population was literate, provided an eclectic supply of writings, ranging from court cases scribbled on limestone to monumental inscriptions carved on temple walls and love poetry written on papyrus. This rich legacy was lost following the introduction of first Christianity and…

The first BBC broadcast was “an extraordinary cocktail that created the grammar of television” Television’s Opening Night: How the Box Was Born TV BBC Four scheduled for Wednesday 2 November The first official live BBC television broadcast was made from Alexandra Palace on 2 November 1936, when viewers were served, says Robert Seatter, head of BBC History, “an extraordinary cocktail that created the grammar of television”. No footage of the evening’s entertainment has survived, but that’s all the more reason to welcome a one-off attempt to recreate the show, fronted by Dallas Campbell, Professor Danielle George and Dr Hugh Hunt. It was, recalls Seatter, a suitably “Ealing-esque” evening. “What the film does convey brilliantly is that race against time – the adrenaline rush of putting a show on air,” he…

1 Heart of Neolithic Orkney ORKNEY ISLANDS, SCOTLAND Where Neolithic buildings reside This World Heritage Site includes the large, chambered tomb of Maeshowe, the impressive stone circles of the Stones of Stenness and the Ring of Brodgar, and the extraordinarily well-preserved settlement of Skara Brae. Ongoing excavations on the Ness of Brodgar have unearthed a further set of late Neolithic stone buildings. whc.unesco.org/en/list/514 2 Brú na Bóinne COUNTY MEATH, IRELAND Where you can view megalithic art This is another World Heritage Site – a remarkable Neolithic landscape famed for its three large passage tombs: Knowth, Newgrange and Dowth. These monuments house the largest collection of megalithic art in western Europe. worldheritageireland.ie/bru-na-boinne 3 Grime’s Graves Prehistoric Flint Mine NORFOLK, ENGLAND Where flint was dug 5,000 years ago This complex of late…

BEST TIME TO GO To see the coast at its most vibrant go in the summer. The Sand Sculpture Festival at Ostend and International Cartoon Festival at Knokke-Heist run for the season. GETTING THERE Driving is easy – from the Eurotunnel in Calais it is just 40 miles to De Panne. There are train services between the coast and Brussels, which is served by two airports. WHAT TO PACK Expect similar temperatures to the UK and a likelihood of sea breezes. The beaches are great for sunbathing, but pack a jumper too. WHAT TO BRING BACK Delicious Belgian chocolate and local beer. The markets are a great place to find other delicacies. Ostend holds its market on Monday, Thursday and Saturday mornings. READERS’ VIEWS I’d recommend a trip to Ostend,…

1. What was ‘Tradescant’s Ark’? 2. Who was England’s last Roman Catholic archbishop of Canterbury? 3. What links John Francis, Edward Oxford and Roderick Maclean (left)? 4. Herleva, the mother of William the Conqueror, had two other sons. One was Robert of Mortain. Who was the other? 5. Which controversial soldier is buried at Dryburgh Abbey in the Scottish Borders? 6. a. What is this building, and where? b. In which century was it largely built? QUIZ ANSWERS 1. The South Lambeth house of naturalist and traveller John Tradescant and his son (also John), where their collection of ‘rarities’ was displayed for the public to view. The collection later formed the basis of Oxford’s Ashmolean Museum. 2. Reginald Pole (served 1556–58). 3. They all attempted to assassinate Queen Victoria. 4.…

Soul cakes In the eighth century Pope Gregory III established a feast to revere the saints on 1 November, which became known as All Saints’ (or All Hallows) Day, replacing the pagan Celtic festival of Samhain. The night before – All Hallows’ Evening – would become Halloween. Many pagan traditions were adapted to become Christian ones, hence ‘guising’ – donning fancy dress to tour local houses – became ‘souling’. Soul cakes would be given to the poor, who went from house to house singing and praying for the souls of departed loved ones – a precursor to ‘trick or treating’. This recipe, somewhere between a biscuit and scone, will provide a treat for young callers on Halloween! INGREDIENTS 175g butter175g caster sugar3 egg yolks450g plain flour2 tsp mixed spice100g currants…